Eltuven

                                 

Adjectives to nouns have no endings, and are understood when used in specific contexts, for example a Wooden Grave would just use the word for Wood and Grave, in Eltuven would be "Lógen Vídë"

Base Pronouns:   I/Me - Y/Mí (often used interchangeably)   You (For males) - Tí   You (For females) - Vy   You (For ungendered things) - Utþ   He/it - Tímë   She - Tĕa   We - Ví   Y'all (You plural) - Sí   They - Tĕna     Pronouns go after the verb, for example "esí" meaning 'to be' is "esí mí" or "esí y" (Most Western Elves say the first, while Eastern Elves say the second.).     Nouns have three different numbers, Singular, Dual, and Plural.   Singular - You keep it the same   Dual - You add one of two endings, "-ë" or "-sho" depending on two aspects. First is whether the noun is a loanword, then it gets the "-sho" ending, second is if the noun already ends in "-ë" then it uses the "-sho" ending. (Same goes for adjectives. If an adjective ends in "-ë" it uses "-sho", even if the noun uses the ending "-ë").   Plural - You add the ending "-í" regardless of if there is a vowel or consonant ending.     There are certain cases with things one must do for them.   Nominative, Genitive, Accusative/Dative, Locative, Sociative, and Possessed.   The Nominative: The subject of the sentence. Stays the same.   The Genitive: The possessive noun. You add the ending "-ías" to the end of the noun that possesses the thing.   The Accusative/Dative: The Direct and Indirect objects. They both disregard the use of an ending, instead is based on placement in the sentence. Even though it does not have a traditional accusative case marker, you include the word "nô" right before the object.   Subject: Tímë - he   Verb: Apís - see   Object: Belerfu - book   Sentence: Apís tímë nô belerfu - He sees a book.   Locative: To construct a locative in Eltuven, one must use demonstratives. The demonstratives precede the noun they refer to, if the demonstrative is used incorrectly the phrase "this house is white" and "this is a white house" would be the same.
Demonstratives will be explained in full after the cases. But the general idea is to move the demonstrative after the noun, in combination with the definite article before the noun.   For example: íë (this) so (is) L'domen (a house) bel (white), because of the improper use of the demonstratives, it could either mean "This is a white house" or "this house is white". However, íë domen-so bel means This house is white. And íë so-domen bel means This is a white house.  
Knowing the basics of demonstratives, now let's look back at the locative case. You must use the proper demonstratives, in the proper placement. For example, in here and in there must be done like this. Zína-ná and Ná-zíná are in here and in there respectively. "Inside the house" would be "myún-domen," however if you do "domen-myún" it would mean "Outside the house."   In simpler terms, the locative uses the correct word for what you are looking for, if you place that word before the noun it means the original term, whereas if you use it after the noun, it means the opposite. Again, look at inside the house and outside the house.   Sociative: Expressed by the correct prepositions combined with the noun as a prefix.   Example "Sacômhánwë - "With Hánwë" (The emphasis would be as if there were two words there, Sacômhánwë)   Possessed: Add a preposition before the possessed noun, but after whomever possesses it.   Example:   Chĕ - To own   Sáillen - Elven name   þë - By   Cí - Dog   Chĕ Sáillen þë cí - The dog is owned by Sáillen. (A more literal translation is: Owned by Sáillen is the dog)     There is a grammatical Gender in Eltuven, however it only ever matters when using Adjectives and Pronouns.   Eltuven has three genders, Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter (Although most neuter nouns are in Eastern Elvish, as most Western Elves just use Masculine endings)   Nouns:  

• Masculine endings: -us, -er, -r, -ë

 

• Feminine endings: -a, -u, -þë

 

• Neuter endings: -en, -n, -t

  Adjectives:  

1. Singular

 

• Masucline endings: -í, -ô, -rô

 

• Feminine endings: -a, -u, -ra, -rë

 

• Neuter endings: -in, -it

 

1. Dual

 

• Masculine ending: -íë, -ë,

 

• Feminine ending: -as, -us, -ras

 

• Neuter ending: -sho, -shen

 

1. Plural

 

• Masculine ending: -íí, -ní, -nô

 

• Feminine ending: -ash, -ush, -rash

 

• Neuter ending: -eí, -nesh, -neí

Feminine form of "The" - Sinda   Masculine form of "The" - Shíndë   Neuter form of "The" - Seden   Feminine form of "A/an" - Yþĕu   Masculine form of "A/an" - Yþér   Neuter form of "A/an" - Yíenn   They stay in this form when something is singular or dual, but when it is plural you put the masculine ending on each one, for example, Shíndení, Sindaní, or Sedennô.

Diphthongs:     Àu - Ow   Ài - Bye   Èi - Day   Ói - Toi   Ou - Ooo=h   Úi - Ooh eeh     Often after the "Þ" sound, the vowel which follows it often is lengthened, for example, rarely would you see "Þu" often it is "Þú". This rule is broken occasionally, but rarely.   You might see words which have an S following an X, this may elongate the S, however mostly it does nothing.     The emphasis in Eltuven is on the penultimate syllable. For example, "Caran" meaning friend is pronounced with emphasis on the first a, or the penultimate vowel. "Caran"   If the word receives a suffix, the emphasis is shifted to accomodate for the extended word, so that the emphasis remains on the penultimate vowel. For example, "Caranall" meaning friendly is pronounced with emphasis on the second a. "Caranall"   There are few instances of this emphasis rule being broken, for example, "esí" meaning 'to be' is pronounced with emphasis on the last vowel, í. "Esí"   If the word has four syllables, the emphasis goes on the second syllable, and the last. For example, "Decàtĕmos" meaning ten, is pronounced with emphasis on the second and last à and o. "Decàtĕmos"   If there are two words with a single syllable, then the first word has a greater emphasis than the next. For example, "þí mí" meaning "to run" is pronounced with emphasis on the first word, þí. "þí mí".   If there is a vowel cluster, then the second vowel has the emphasis, all other rules follow. For example, "Ìexs" meaning to curse, is pronounced with emphasis on the second e. Unless, there is a consonant that starts the word, and an "e" or any of its forms that immediately follows that consonant, than the e gets the emphasis. "Ìexs" "Nĕino"

Present Tense: You take the original infinitive form (also called Verbal Noun form) and replace with "-a" then add the appropriate pronoun after. If it is mono syllabic, then you add the "-a" onto the vowel. If it ends in a consonant, add the "-a" to the end of the word.   Awĕdhí - To pray.   Awĕdha mí - I pray     Past tense: Add the preverbal particle "anë" to the original infinitive form, then add the appropriate pronoun.   The "ë" when a consonant follows it, causes that consonant to go through consonant mutation, specifically Initial Consonant Mutation. This is not always the case, but in most instances it is.   Example:   Fwel - To want   Anë vwel mí - I wanted     Future tense - Add the ending "-sí" to the original infinitive form, then add the appropriate pronoun.   Apís - To see   Apíssí mí - I will see     Conditional Tense - add the preverbal particle "anesí" to the original infinitive form, then add the appropriate pronoun.   Þí - To run   Anesí þí mí - I would run     Present Perfect - formed by adding the ending "-Þú" to the present tense form, then add the appropriate pronoun.   Ìexs - To curse   ÌexsaÞú mí - I have cursed     Past Perfect - formed by adding the ending "-íôr" to the original past tense form. If the verbal stem is a vowel, then replace the vowel with the ending.   Nenu - To call   Anë meníôr - I had called     Future Perfect - Formed by adding the ending "-íë" to the original future tense form. If the verbal stem is a vowel, then the ending becomes "-xíë"   Dhĕna - To hide   Dhĕnaxíë mí - I will have hid     Imperative - The imperative form uses verbal connotation with the ending "-llen"   Chabi - To take   Chabíllen mí! - I take!     Irregular Verbs:   The "To Be" verb is the most confusing of the irregular verbs. Eltuven has two forms of "To Be" the copula and the substantive.   First, the copula, which is the form of 'to be' that joins two nouns, or a noun and a pronoun. And it can emphasize a part of the sentence.   To use the copula to make a sentence, you need to use either an indefinite noun or a definite noun. If used with the indefinite then it would require a special tag line. The tagline for indefinite articles is "Hwann" it is put after wherever the noun it adheres to is.    

1. Copula Form: Joining Two Nouns or a Noun and Pronoun

  Positive Statements:  

• Base Positive Form: No specific word, raw phrase.

  Example: "Tímë so-belerfu hwann." (It is a book.)    

• Base Negative Form: Add "Cha/Chan" at the beginning.

  Example: "Cha tímë so-belerfu hwann." (It is not a book.)     Direct Statements (Reported Speech):  

• Use "fĕr" after the copula.

  Example: "Shĕen Múlkwë vĕr tímë so-belerfu hwann." (Múlkwë said that it is a book.)     Indirect Statements:  

• Change "fĕ/fĕr" to "fach-e."

  Example: "Shĕen Múlkwë vach-e tímë so-belerfu hwann." (Múlkwë said that it is not a book.)        

1. Substantive Form Example: Joins a noun or pronoun with a verb or another part of speech that is not a noun. Emphasizes a Part of the Sentence

    Positive Statements:    

• Base Positive Form: Put "Yn" at the beginning.

  Example: "Yn gnóþága utþ." (You are busy.)    

• Base Negative Form: Add "Chan'ma" at the beginning.

  Example: "Chan'ma gnóþága utþ." (You are not busy.)     Question form:  

• Use "Acil" at the end of the sentence.

  Example: "Gnóþága utþ acil?" (Are you busy?)     Indirect Statements:  

• Put "Phĕlë" after the first verb (and its pronoun), in this context "Shĕen" meaning to say

  Example: "Shĕena mí phĕlë gnóþága utþ." (I said that you are busy.)   Negative Indirect Statements:  

• Add "Chana'phĕlë" after the first verb (and its pronoun), in this context "Shĕen" meaning to say

  Example: "Shĕena mí chana'phĕlë gnóþága utþ." (I said that you are not busy.)

Eltuven follows a strict VSO sentence structure.   Meaning Verb then Subject then Object.   For example: Amýnô tĕa tímë. _{She loves him}

Adjectives go after the Noun at all times, and must agree in gender and number.     For example:   Noun - Bodus - Bird   Adjective - Dhúbí - Black   Singular: Bodus dhúbí - Black Bird   Dual: Bodusë Þûbíë - Two Black Birds   Plural: Bodusí dhúbíí - Black Birds