Rernnang

Natively known as: rernnang /rernnaŋ/ (earth song)

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... e syorth tůn tuirn t̊en toshya e tung sorn tůn shey te̊rfurn zaosho[alt] Pronunciation: /e sjorθ tyn tui̯rn tʰen toˈʃja e tuŋ sorn tyn ʃej tɛrˈfurn zao̯ˈʃo/ Tukhsathi word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned[/alt]  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b f g h j k l m n r s t tʰ x z ç ŋ ʃ ʃˑ ʣ ʦ ʧ θ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	b			t tʰ			k g
Affricate				ʦ ʣ	ʧ
Fricative		f	θ	s z	ʃ ʃˑ	ç	x	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

    Vowel inventory: a ao̯ aː aˑ e eˑo̯ i o u ui̯ y ɛ   Diphthongs: ao̯ eˑo̯ ui̯  

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low-mid	ɛ
Low	a aˑ aː

    Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable Word initial consonants: f k l n r s sj t ts tʰ x z ʃ ʣ ʦ ʧ Mid-word consonants: br f g gr hj j k l rf rkl rm rmgr rn rθs ts x xr xs xtʰ ŋg ʃ ʃj ʃr ʃˑtʰ Word final consonants: j n r rn rt rθ x z ç ŋ ʃ ʃj ʧ θ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• s → x / #_
• l → r / _#
• o → e / _s
• f → w / _[+back]
• o → ɔ / _u

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	e̊
y	ů
j	y
θ	th
x	kh
ʃ	sh
ŋ	ng
ʣ	dz
ʦ	ts
ʧ	ch
tʰ	t̊
ç	sh̊
V₁ː	V₁V₁
◌̯

   

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

  Nouns have both a plural affix and ‘paucal’ affix for referring to a few of something.

	Singular	Plural	Paucal
Nominative	Suffix -uθ irnauth /irˈnauθ/ dog (when doing the verb)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rn Else: Suffix -ern irnarn /irˈnarn/ dogs (when doing the verb)	If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ax irnakh /irˈnax/
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʧ Else: Suffix -eʧ irnach /irˈnaʧ/ (verb done to) dog	Suffix -aθ irnaath /irˈnaaθ/ (verb done to) dogs	If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ox irnakh /irˈnax/
Genitive	Suffix -a irnaa /irˈnaa/ dogʼs	If ends with vowel: Suffix -θ Else: Suffix -eθ irnath /irˈnaθ/ dogsʼ	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃj Else: Suffix -ɛʃj irnashy /irˈnaʃj/

   

Articles

 

Definite	za /za/ the
Indefinite	che /ʧe/ a, some

    Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

 

Pronouns

 

	1st singular	2nd singular	3rd singular	1st plural	2nd plural	3rd plural
Nominative	tith /tiθ/ I	turn /turn/ you	syorth /sjorθ/ he, she, it	nuirn /nui̯rn/ we	fůrth /fyrθ/ you all	taˑrth /taˑrθ/ they
Accusative	ra /ra/ me	ka /ka/ you	e̊ /ɛ/ him, her, it	li /li/ us	tu /tu/ you all	syu /sju/ them
Genitive	i /i/ mine	t̊ui /tʰui̯/ yours	tůn /tyn/ his, hers, its	ko /ko/ ours	se /se/ yours (pl)	cheˑo /ʧeˑo̯/ theirs
Dative	tsu /tsu/	tsash /tsaʃ/	cheth /ʧeθ/	tsa /ʦa/	i /i/	a /a/
Locative	sa /sa/	ez /ez/	re /re/	re /re/	te̊ /tɛ/	sorn /sorn/
Ablative	fing /fiŋ/	e /e/	so /so/	sye /sje/	ash̊ /aç/	ni /ni/

   

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	i /i/ my
2nd singular	t̊ui /tʰui̯/ your
3rd singular	tůn /tyn/ his, her, its
1st plural	ko /ko/ our
2nd plural	se /se/ your (pl)
3rd plural	cheˑo /ʧeˑo̯/ their

   

Verbs

  Tukhsathi uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: raːrn - raarn nungge̊ /raːrn nuŋˈgɛ/ learned

    Tukhsathi uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: tui̯ - tui nungge̊ /tui̯ nuŋˈgɛ/ will learn

    Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Tukhsathi uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:  

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: fe - fe nungge̊ /fe nuŋˈgɛ/ learns/is learning

    Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Tukhsathi uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

Suffix -aˑz nungge̊aˑz /nuŋˈgɛaˑz/ have learned

   

Numbers

  Tukhsathi has a base-10 number system:   1 - fo 2 - sharth 3 - za 4 - neth 5 - chi 6 - eˑo 7 - re̊ 8 - chůn 9 - shert 10 - e̊sh̊ 11 - e̊sh̊ e fo “ten and one” 100 - urn “hundred” 101 - urn fo “hundred one” 200 - sharth urn 1000 - sirn “thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -urn Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -an Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -θ Else: Suffix -oθ Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -e Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -o Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rn Else: Suffix -ern Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rn Else: Suffix -orn Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rn Else: Suffix -irn Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -i Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -a One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -en Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃj Else: Suffix -eʃj Diminutive = Suffix -arn Augmentative = Suffix -in