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Khuikh-Nāshta

Natively known as: khui̯kh nāshta /xui̯x naˑʃˈta/ (tree song)

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... ti nuz chi nansa ɬeshre shihuz ti chi kashẗeshê zusḧ keth a nusha[alt] Pronunciation: /ti nuz ʧi nanˈsa ɬeˈʃre ʃiˈhuz ti ʧi kaʃˈtʰeʃɛ zuç keth a nuˈʃa/ Tree-Song word order: and he his hat holding stood and his wet face the wind to turned[/alt]  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: d f h j k l n r s t tʰ x z ç ʃ ʒ ʝ ʣ ʦ ʧ θ  
↓Manner/Place→LabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Nasaln
Stopt tʰ dk
Affricateʦ ʣʧ
Fricativefθs zʃ ʒç ʝxh
Approximantj
Trillr
Lateral approximantl
    Vowel inventory: a ao̯ aˑ e eˑo̯ i iˑ o u ui̯ y ɛ   Diphthongs: ao̯ eˑo̯ ui̯  
FrontBack
Highi iˑ yu
High-mideo
Low-midɛ
Lowa aˑ
    Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable Word initial consonants: f h j k l n r s sh sj t ts tʰ x z ʃ ʃj ʃr ʒ ʝ ʣ ʦ ʧ Mid-word consonants: dz h hj hn j k l n ns nt nʦ r rf rθ rθn rθs rθths s sh sht shtʰ t ts x xhtʰ xs zr zs ç ʃ ʃj ʃr ʃsj ʃt ʃtʰ ʒ ʝ ʣ ʣs ʦ ʧ θs Word final consonants: hʃ j n r rth rθ s t th x z ç ʃ ʃj θ   Sound changes (in order of application):  
  • k → g / V_V
  Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
ɛê
jy
θth
xkh
ʃsh
ʒzh
ʝj
ʣdz
ʦts
ʧch
çsḧ
ā
   

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door with a key opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have six cases:
  • Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
  • Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
  • Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
  • Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
  • Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
NominativeNo affix fizhe /fiˈʒe/ dog (doing the verb)
AccusativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -az fizhez /fiˈʒez/ (verb done to) dog
GenitiveSuffix -eˑo̯ç fizheeˑo̯sḧ /fiˈʒeeˑo̯ç/ dogʼs
DativeIf ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -ik fizhek /fiˈʒek/ to (the/a) dog
LocativeSuffix -ex fizheekh /fiˈʒeex/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
AblativeSuffix -e fizhee /fiˈʒee/ from (the/a) dog
   
SingularNo affix fizhe /fiˈʒe/ dog
PluralIf ends with Vowel: Suffix -o̯x Else: -eˑo̯x fizheokh /fiˈʒeo̯x/ dogs
   

Articles

 
DefinitiveIndefinitive
Singularshen /ʃen/ the feˑo̯sh /feˑo̯ʃ/ a
Pluraltse /ʦe/ the rao̯sh /rao̯ʃ/ some
   

Pronouns

 
NominativeAccusativeGenitiveDativeLocativeAblative
1st singularne /ne/ I na /na/ me fe /fe/ mine sith /sith/ to me a /a/ at me ā /aˑ/ from me
2nd singularsho /ʃo/ you ẗarth /tʰarθ/ you kisḧ /kiç/ yours tish /tiʃ/ to you hath /haθ/ at you resḧ /reç/ from you
3rd singular mascnuz /nuz/ he, it serth /serθ/ him, it chi /ʧi/ his, its hin /hin/ to him, at it zi /zi/ at him, at it zhon /ʒon/ from him, from it
3rd singular feme /e/ she, it hisḧ /hiç/ her, it shra /ʃra/ hers, its az /az/ to her, at it syarth /sjarθ/ at her, at it su /su/ from her, from it
1st pluralsyesh /sjeʃ/ we ton /ton/ us sa /sa/ ours sy /sy/ to us shri /ʃri/ at us zarth /zarth/ from us
2nd pluralki /ki/ you all ti /ti/ you all shyi /ʃji/ yours (pl) he /he/ to you all khā /xaˑ/ at you all tsā /ʦaˑ/ from you all
3rd pluralnay /naj/ they /naˑ/ them san /san/ theirs ẗakh /tʰax/ to them tekh /tex/ at them oz /oz/ from them
   

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularfe /fe/ my
2nd singularkisḧ /kiç/ your
3rd singular mascchi /ʧi/ his
3rd singular femshra /ʃra/ her
1st pluralsa /sa/ our
2nd pluralshyi /ʃji/ your (pl)
3rd pluralsan /san/ their
   

Verbs

 
PresentIf ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -ɛz eshêz /eˈʃɛz/ learn
PastIf ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -aˑx eshākh /eˈʃaˑx/ learned
RemotepastIf starts with vowel: Prefix ʃ- Else: Prefix ʃa- shesh /ʃeʃ/ learned (long ago)
    Tree-Song uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
FutureParticle before the verb: ka - ka esh /ka eʃ/ will learn
   

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Tree-Song uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  
PerfectIf ends with vowel: Suffix -rθ Else: Suffix -ao̯rθ eshao̯rth /eˈʃao̯rθ/ have learned
   

Numbers

  Tree-Song has a base-10 number system:   1 - ke
2 - o
3 - zhiy
4 - zhen
5 - tez
6 - tinta
7 - eyê
8 - khan
9 - akh
10 - ken
11 - ke ti ken “one and ten”
100 - khikh “hundred”
101 - khikh ti ke “hundred and one”
200 - o khikh 1000 - tsarth “thousand"
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -o
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -i
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Particle after the undefined: - n
Else: Suffix -ui̯n
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix ne-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x Else: Suffix -ɛx
Noun to verb = Suffix -an
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix i-
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -uʃ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -θ Else: Suffix -iθ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -eʃj One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ʒ- Else: Prefix ʒa-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -eˑo̯n Diminutive = Suffix -ui̯rθ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -iz

Geographical Distribution

Khuikh-Nashta is only spoken in Estira, even though some redwood elves speak it too.

Dictionary

4623 Words.
Successor Languages
Spoken by

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