Modern Artarian

Natively known as: ʻartarhuş /aɾtaɾˈhuʂ/

Also known as Modern Northern Arterian (to distinguish it from more ancient variations that share its name) and natively known as: ʻartarhuş (phonetic: aɾtaɾˈhuʂ) modern Artarian is one of the three official languages of the GDC and one of the most spoken languages in the systems.

  Artarhusha word order was relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun ('xemeđ art' or 'art xemeđ' both mean 'a good man' and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both "umerardhuth zomeđewtekođ" and "zomeđewtekođ umerardhuth"; the latter is more common). There are also stylistic differences between different authors however, where some will prefer certain syntax based on personal preference.  

Spelling & Phonology

 

Consonant inventory: h j k l m n p t w ð ɣ g ɾ ʁ ʂ ʐ ʔ ʥ θ χ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p		t				k		ʔ
Affricate					ʥ
Fricative		ð θ		ʐ ʂ			ɣ	ʁ χ	h
Approximant						j
Tap			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

 

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

 

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

  Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is usually on the second to last syllable   Sound changes (in order of application):  

• ʥ and ð → ʐ at the end of a word.
• g → ' before a consonant
• h → χ when between a vowel and an R.

  Special Attention:  

• Double sylables, such as "oo" are always pronounced as two seperate letters.
• When ' appears, it always means a full stop and the next letter is not co-articulated.

  Spelling rules: For transcribing Arterian into English.  

Pronunciation	Spelling
θ	th
ɾ	r
ʐ	z
ð	dh
j	j
ʁ	r̂
ʥ	đ
ʂ	ş
ɣ	g
χ	x
ʔ	ʻ

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Varied by the most common one was Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
 

Nouns

  Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nominative	No affix gir /giɾ/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Prefix ga- gagir /gaˈgiɾ/ (verb done to) dog

 

Singular	No affix gir /giɾ/ dog
Plural	Suffix -i giri /giˈɾi/ dogs

 

Articles

 

Definite	po /po/ the
Indefinite	đu /ʥu/ a, some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can optionally be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ja /ja/ I	poz /poʐ/ me
2nd singular	i /i/ you	xa /χa/ you
3rd singular masc	zot /ʐot/ he, it (masc)	go /go/ him, it (masc)
3rd singular fem	ru /ɾu/ she, it (fem)	đi /ʥi/ her, it (fem)
1st plural inclusive	mi /mi/ we (including you)	he /he/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	hi /hi/ we (excluding you)	me /me/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	mim /mim/ you all	mig /mig/ you all
3rd plural	xip /χip/ they	ha /ha/ them

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	theş /θeʂ/ my
2nd singular	puz /puʥ/ [puʐ] your
3rd singular masc	mex /meχ/ his
3rd singular fem	tho /θo/ her
1st plural inclusive	pu /pu/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	wo /wo/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	uk /uk/ your (pl)
3rd plural	xuz /χuʐ/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Future
1st person	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʂ- Else: Prefix ʂi- şigux /ʂiˈguχ/ (I/we) will learn
2nd person	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʂ- Else: Prefix ʂe- şegux /ʂeˈguχ/ (you/you all) will learn
3rd person	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gi- gigux /giˈguχ/ (he/she/it/they) will learn

  ʻArtarhush uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: ʥop - đop gux /ʥop guχ/ learned

 

Progressive aspect

  The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
ʻArtarhush uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  

Progressive

Particle before the verb: nol - nol gux /nol guχ/ be learning

 

Habitual aspect

  The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
ʻArtarhush uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

If starts with vowel: Prefix eʂ- Else: Prefix eʂa- eşagux /eʂaˈguχ/ learn (often, habitually)

 

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
ʻArtarhush uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

If starts with vowel: Prefix ukw- Else: Prefix ukwa- ukwagux /ukwaˈguχ/ have learned

 

Numbers

  ʻArtarhush has a base-10 number system:   1 - e
2 - mu
3 - jew
4 - iʻ
5 - đo
6 - the
7 - el
8 - xiz
9 - u
10 - şi
100 - eʻ
1000 - pax
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb (e.g. sturdy → sturdy house) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z
Else: Suffix -oz
Example: "Theş jix molwam o, ru đu molwamoz jix şio." ("My house is sturdy, it is a sturdy house.")

Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -it
Example: "Zot po Art şa Gizip gio, zot aez giz şeo." ("He is the father of medicine, he is good with medicines.")

Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m'e
Else: Suffix -um'e
Example: "Xip po nol điş gigapolpizum'e." ("They are expanding the building.")

Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -ip
Example: "Hi hag po pinhep jix hag şiextampo. "("We live in the presidential suite.")

Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -o
Noun to verb = Suffix -eg
Example: "I đu nizoo roraeg he şeşompomʻe." ("You are making an economical decision.")

Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -uz
Tending to = Suffix -a
Example: "Ru đop şath hig ginuşuz guđ." "It has burned down last year."

Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -eg
Example: "Zot hag wenhik i po jogni şa nuşeg şehu." ("He is in prison for the crime of arson.")

Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z
Else: Suffix -iz
Example: "Hi teđo pu'i şirurkormueg, hi şer rurkormuegiz şihu" ("We know many things, we have much knowledge.")

One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix e-
Example: "Po Mişi şu xox đop thika, ru đu ethika şehu." ("Mişi painted this wall, she is a painter.")

Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -u
Example: "Xop hi poş şişompo, ru đu poşu gihu." ("Here we make wine, it is a winery.")

Diminutive (e.g. door → little door) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jle
Else: Suffix -ujle
Example: "Wex xol jix şe po heajle." ("That big house with the little door.")

Augmentative (e.g. great → greater) = Prefix u-
Example: "Hi halʻag şihu, ripmum uhalʻag hith i." ("We are fast, even faster than you.")