Vir Erel*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   PERIOD OF USE: 982-675   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:   DESCENDANT LANGUAGES: Tarels  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: pibapun a qanap can usbaipream calivugur pibapun can ponuonos seaqlaram pache regiam qarenba   Pronunciation: ˈpibapun a qaˈnap kan ˌusbaˈipream ˌkaliˈvugur ˈpibapun kan ˈponwonos ˌzeaˈqlaram paˈke ˈregiam qaˈrenba   Vir Erel word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b g k l m n p q r s v w/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b			k g	q
Fricative		v	s
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u/  

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
  Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• k → h / _#

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
w	u
z	s
ʃ	sc
tʦ	zz
ʦ	z
k	c / !_{i,e,ɛ}
ʧ	ci / !_{i,e,ɛ}
ʧ	c
ʤ	gi / !_{i,e,ɛ}
ʤ	g
k	ch
ʎʎ	gli
ɲ	gn
ɛ	e
ɔ	o
j	i

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have five cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.

Nominative	No affix abbiam /abˈbiam/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -q Else: Suffix -u abbiamu /ˌabbiˈamu/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -i abbiami /abˌbiaˈmi/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -eq abbiameq /abˌbiaˈmeq/ to (the/a) dog
Locative	Prefix ba- baabbiam /baˌabbiˈam/ near/at/by (the/a) dog

   

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix sipunionam /ˌzipuˈnionam/ man	No affix cauvcalupas /ˌkauvˈkalupas/ woman
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -o sipunionamo /ˌzipuˈnionamo/ men	If ends with vowel: Suffix -b Else: Suffix -a cauvcalupasa /kaˌuvkaˈlupasa/ women

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	i /i/ the	uo /wo/ a
Plural	os /os/ the	a /a/ some

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative
1st singular	o /o/ I	pul /pul/ me	vel /vel/ mine	pil /pil/ to me	ur /ur/ at me
2nd singular	ba /ba/ you (masc)	uo /wo/ you	go /go/ yours	pal /pal/ to you	pa /pa/ at you
3rd singular masc	a /a/ he, it	ve /ve/ him, it	can /kan/ his, its	qi /qi/ to him, at it	gol /gol/ at him, at it
3rd singular fem	rim /rim/ she, it	ca /ka/ her, it	vom /vom/ hers, its	sa /sa/ to her, at it	bin /bin/ at her, at it
1st plural	u /u/ we	i /i/ us	re /re/ ours	cal /kal/ to us	au /aw/ at us
2nd plural	po /po/ you all	gu /gu/ you all	ov /ov/ yours (pl)	bom /bom/ to you all	be /be/ at you all
3rd plural masc	qel /qel/ they (masc)	ua /wa/ them (masc)	son /son/ theirs (masc)	ic /ik/ to them (masc)	ven /ven/ at them (masc)
3rd plural fem	ri /ri/ they (fem)	ab /ab/ them (fem)	pu /pu/ theirs (fem)	ag /ag/ to them (fem)	qin /qin/ at them (fem)

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	vel /vel/ my
2nd singular	go /go/ your
3rd singular masc	can /kan/ his
3rd singular fem	vom /vom/ her
1st plural	re /re/ our
2nd plural	ov /ov/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	son /son/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	pu /pu/ their (fem)

 

Verbs

  Vir Erel uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: sagilkere - sagilchere ralqi /saˌgilkeˈre ˈralqi/ learned

  Vir Erel uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: zekemion - sechemion ralqi /zeˌkemiˈon ˈralqi/ will learn

  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Vir Erel uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:  

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: uwve - uuve ralqi /ˈuwve ralˈqi/ learns/is learning

 

Numbers

  Vir Erel has a base-10 number system:   1 - bam
2 - urbum
3 - ponbim
4 - og
5 - ac
6 - vochigonpo
7 - supolar
8 - go
9 - guirbelsa
10 - uo
11 - uo pibapun bam “ten and one”
100 - bam saesmel “one hundred”
101 - bam saesmel bam “one hundred one”
200 - urbum saesmel
1000 - bam oquouoaq “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -e
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -av
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ve-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix qu-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -i
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q Else: Suffix -e
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q Else: Suffix -u
Tending to = Prefix qe-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix so-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -uw
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ob
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -ok
Diminutive = Suffix -ar
Augmentative = Prefix be-