Tarels

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 3.55M / #14   SPOKEN IN: Rello - 1.5M / Kahrilo - 700K / Jolim - 550K / Mersi - 400K / Kalio - 300K / Uvan Empire - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: neù trò druoǹin neùlom plȅlom viù neù à uȕis trò truȕin tiȕrcȍ mìlom   Pronunciation: nœ̀ tʁò dʁwɔ̃̀ˈin nœ̀ˈlom plȅˈlom vjù nœ̀ à ɥȕˈis tʁò tʁwy̏ˈin tjy̏ʁˈkȍ mìˈlom     Tarels word order: and hat his holding stood he and to the wind his face wet turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m n p s t v w z ɡ ɥ ɲ ʁ ʃ ʒ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	p b		t d			k ɡ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ			ʁ
Approximant					j
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-palatal	Labial-velar
Approximant	ɥ	w

  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø œ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɛ ɛ̃/   Tones: ̏ ̀  

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e ø	o
Low-mid	ɛ ɛ̃ œ	ɔ ɔ̃
Low	a	ɑ̃

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
Word initial consonants: b, bj, bl, bw, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fl, fw, fʁ, fʁɥ, j, k, kl, kw, kɥ, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, nw, nɥ, p, pj, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sp, st, stʁ, sw, sɥ, t, tj, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, w, z, ɡ, ɡl, ɡʁ, ɥ, ʁ, ʁj, ʁw, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒw, ʒɥ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bɥ, bʁ, bʒ, d, dbʁ, dj, dm, dɥ, dʁ, dʒ, f, fj, fl, fw, fʁ, j, k, kl, km, kn, ks, ksj, ksp, kspl, kt, ktɥ, ktʁ, kʁ, l, lj, lk, ll, lm, ls, lt, lv, lw, lɡʁ, lɥ, lʒ, m, md, mw, n, nd, nm, nɥ, p, pj, pl, plw, pm, psj, pt, pɥ, pʁ, s, sj, sk, sl, sm, sp, st, stj, stw, stʁ, stʁɥ, sɥ, t, tj, tm, tn, tw, tɥ, tʁ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vw, vʁ, z, zj, zn, zw, ɡ, ɡl, ɡm, ɡz, ɡʁ, ɲ, ʁ, ʁd, ʁdɥ, ʁf, ʁfw, ʁj, ʁk, ʁkw, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnj, ʁpʁ, ʁs, ʁsj, ʁsk, ʁsp, ʁsɥ, ʁt, ʁtj, ʁv, ʁw, ʁʃ, ʁʒ, ʃ, ʃt, ʒ, ʒj, ʒm
Word final consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fʁ, j, k, kl, ks, kst, kt, l, lk, lm, lʒ, m, n, nd, p, pl, pt, pʁ, s, sk, st, stʁ, t, tm, tʁ, v, vʁ, z, ɡ, ɲ, ʁ, ʁd, ʁdʁ, ʁk, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁs, ʁsk, ʁt, ʁv, ʁʃ, ʁʒ, ʃ, ʒ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• a → ha / _p
• e → pau / _b
• b → v / _a

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
e	e*4 | er / _#
ksj	cti
ks	xe / _#
ks	x
k	que / _#
kt	ct
sk	squ
k	c / !_{i,e,ɛ}
k	qu
d	de / _#
t#	te
wi	oui
wɛ̃	oin
jɛ̃	ien
ɛ̃	in
wɑ{a,ɑ}	oi
ʒ	g / _{i,e,ɛ}
ʒm	gem
ɥ	u
y	u
j	i
ʒ	ge / _#
ʒ	j
ɡ	g
ʃ	che / _#
ɲ	gn
∅	e / CC_#
v	ve / _#
ʃ	ch
ʁ	r | rd | rt / _#
ʁ	r
ɔ̃	on | om / _#
ɔ̃	on
ɔ	o
ɑ̃	an
ɛ	e
ø	eu
œ	eu
w	u

 

Grammar

  Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into With a key the door opened Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix zeùis /zœ̀ˈis/ man	No affix fon̏in /fɔ̃̏ˈin/ woman
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix nœ̏- neȕzeùis /nœ̏ˈzœ̀is/ men	Prefix ɡlò- glòfon̏in /ɡlòˈfɔ̃̏in/ women

 

Articles

 

Definite	è /è/ the
Indefinite	bieǹ /bjɛ̃̀/ a, some

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	noin̏ /nwɛ̃̏/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	rì /ʁì/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	viù /vjù/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	gȉ /ʒȉ/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural inclusive	trueù /tʁwø̀/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	glȍfre /ɡlȍfʁ/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	pò /pɔ̀/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	eȕ /ø̏/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	lȅ /lȅ/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	druon̏rle /dʁwɔ̃̏ʁl/ my
2nd singular	zeȕ /zœ̏/ your
3rd singular masc	trò /tʁò/ his
3rd singular fem	sì /sì/ her
1st plural inclusive	mȕ /mȕ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	tioǹb /tjɔ̃̀b/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	bieǹ /bjɛ̃̀/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	fuȕ /fwȕ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ȁsque /ȁsk/ their (fem)

 

Verbs

 

Present	No affix luòlom /lwòˈlom/ learn
Past	Prefix lɥɛ̀- luèluòlom /lɥɛ̀ˈlwòlom/ learned
Remote past	If starts with vowel: Prefix s- Else: Prefix sì- sìluòlom /sìˈlwòlom/ learned (lonɡ aɡo)

  Tarels uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: spàfʁ - spàfre luòlom /spàfʁ lwòˈlom/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Tarels has a base-20 number system:   1 - prȕ
2 - streù
3 - lè
4 - cruȍve
5 - chȕ
6 - chouȉ
7 - cuȅ
8 - zeȕ
9 - lȅ
10 - iǹrde
11 - cȍp
12 - ȉrne
13 - ènuà
14 - ȅz
15 - vuȅste
16 - bòxte
17 - gèpte
18 - tioǹbrùlge
19 - iȅmò
20 - mȉrle
21 - prȕ neù mȉrle “one and twenty”
400 - chùduè “fourhundred”
401 - chùduè prȕ “fourhundred one”
800 - streù chùduè “two fourhundred”
8000 - uȕ “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɛ̀-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix y̏-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ò-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix ø̀-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jȅ-
Noun to verb = Prefix pɔ̃̏-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix kwè-
Tending to = Prefix ò-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix wø̏-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spà-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix lw- Else: Prefix lwò-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ȉ-
Diminutive = Prefix zø̏-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix st- Else: Prefix stɔ̀-