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Naosh (nao̯ʃ)

Natively known as: naosh /nao̯ʃ/

  Commonly known as: Naoshi /nao̯ʃi/

Naosh is the language of the Redwoods. It's closely related to Khuikh-Nāshta, as they were once the same language but diverged into two seperate languages after the Split of the Woodelves. Interestingly, just as Khhuikh Nashta means "tree song", Naosh means "song".   ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... diˑth he fiz dzoh kiˑmüiˑ diˑth natch nê he shütsʰ ud fitch[alt] Pronunciation: /diˑθ he fiz ʣoh ˈkiˑmjiˑ diˑθ naʨ nɛ he ʃyʦʰ ud fiʨ/ Nao̯shi word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned[/alt]  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: d f h j k l m n r s t v x z ɮ ʂ ʃ ʒ ʣ ʥ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʨ θ χ  
↓Manner/Place→BilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarRetroflexAlveolo-palatalPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Nasalmn
Stopt dk
Affricateʦ ʦʰ ʣʧʨ ʥ
Fricativef vθs zʃ ʒʂxχh
Approximantj
Trillr
Lateral fricativeɮ
Lateral approximantl
    Vowel inventory: a ao̯ aˑ e eˑo̯ i iˑ o u ui̯ y ɛ   Diphthongs: ao̯ eˑo̯ ui̯  
FrontBack
Highi iˑ yu
High-mideo
Low-midɛ
Lowa aˑ
    Syllable structure: Custom defined Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable Word initial consonants: d f h j k l m n t x z ʂ ʃ ʒ ʣ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʨ θ χ Mid-word consonants: d dl dm ds dx dʃ dʒ f fh fn fr fx fʨ h hl ht j jf jk jl jm jr jz jʂ k kd kf kh kj kk kl km kn kt kz kʧ l ld lf lh lk lt lz lθ m mh mj ml mn mr mt mz mθ n nd nf nj nk nm nn nr nt nx nz nɮ nʂ nʃ nʦʰ nʧ r rd rj rk rl rr rt rʒ rʦ rʦʰ rʧ s sd sf sl sm sn sr ss st sv sx sɮ sʧ sθ sχ t td th tm ts tt tɮ tʧ v vd vj vl vr x xd xf xh xl xm xv xz xʦʰ z zd zh zj zn zz ɮ ɮn ɮt ɮx ɮɮ ʂ ʂl ʃ ʃm ʃn ʃv ʃx ʒ ʒd ʒj ʒl ʣ ʥ ʦ ʦk ʦn ʦt ʦɮ ʦʰ ʦʰn ʧ ʧf ʧn ʨ ʨj θ θd θh θj θl θm χ χr χt Word final consonants: d h k n r v z ɮ ʃ ʒ ʣ ʥ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʨ θ χ   Spelling rules:  
PronunciationSpelling
ŋng
jy
ɾr
ɛê
ʣdz
ʃsh
ʦts
ʧtsh
θth
χch
yü
ʥdch
ʨtch
   

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have six cases:
  • Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
  • Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
  • Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
  • Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.
  • Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
  • Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.
 
NominativeNo affix ʒiˑtsʰ /ʒiˑʦʰ/ dog (doing the verb)
AccusativeSuffix -i ʒiˑtsʰi /ˈʒiˑʦʰi/ (verb done to) dog
GenitiveSuffix -ik ʒiˑtsʰik /ˈʒiˑʦʰik/ dog's
DativeSuffix -in ʒiˑtsʰin /ˈʒiˑʦʰin/ (to) a/the dog
LocativeParticle after the noun: - iχ ʒiˑtsʰ ich /ʒiˑʦʰ iχ/ near/at/by (the/a) dog
AblativeParticle after the noun: - iʃ ʒiˑtsʰ ish /ʒiˑʦʰ iʃ/ from (the/a) dog
 
SingularNo affix ʒiˑtsʰ /ʒiˑtsʰ/ dog
PluralSuffix -ix [bʒiˑtsʰikh /ʒiˑtsʰix/ dogs
     

Articles

  Nao̯shi has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

 
NominativeAccusativeGenitiveDativeLocativeAblative
1st singularda /da/ I dzi /dzi/ me dzai /ʣai/ mine ʣin /ʣin/ to me du /du/ at me deχ /deχ/ from me
2nd singularneo /neˑo̯/ you /ny/ you nui /nu̯i/ yours nün /nyn/ to you nu /nu/ at you nüech /nyeχ/ from you
3rd singular ʒahʦ /ʒaˑʦ/ he, she, xe, it ʒuh /ʒuh/ him, her, xir, it ʒi ʒiˑ/ his, hers, xirs, its ʒuhn /ʒuhn/ to him, her, xir, it ʒu /ʒu/ at him, her, xir, it ʒaeχ /ʒa̯eχ/ from him, her, xir, it
1st pluralzin /ziˑn/ we za /za/ us zei /ze̯i/ ours zan /zan/ to us zu /zu/ at us ziech /ziˑeχ/ from us
2nd pluralu /u/ you all /uʒ/ you all uʣi /uʣi/ yours (pl) uʒin /uʒin/ to you all uʒu /uʒu/ at you all uʣech /uʣeχ/ from you all
3rd pluralkao /kao̯/ they keov /keˑo̯v/ them keoi /keˑo̯i/ theirs [keon /keˑon/ to them keu /keˑu/ at them kaech /ka̯eχ/ from them
   

Possessive determiners

 
1st singularda /da/ my
2nd singularneˑo̯ /neˑo̯/ your
3rd singular masche /he/ his
3rd singular femshe /she/ her
3rd singular neutkao̯ /kao̯/ xir
1st pluralziˑn /ziˑn/ our
2nd pluralu /u/ your (pl)
3rd pluralkao̯ /kao̯/ their
   

Verbs

 
PresentNo affix ʒetɮêtch /ˈʒetɮɛʨ/ learn
PastIf ends with vowel: Suffix -ɮ Else: Suffix -aɮ ʒetɮêtchaɮ /ʒetˈɮɛʨaɮ/ learned
FutureSuffix -a ʒetɮêtcha /ʒetˈɮɛʨa/ will learn
   

Progressive aspect

  The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Nao̯shi uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  
ProgressiveParticle before the verb: nao̯θ - nao̯th ʒetɮêtch /nao̯θ ˈʒetɮɛʨ/ is learning
   

Habitual aspect

  The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Nao̯shi uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
HabitualParticle before the verb: ma - ma ʒetɮêtch /ma ˈʒetɮɛʨ/ learns
   

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Nao̯shi uses the word for ‘already’ itsh for the perfect aspect.  

Numbers

  Nao̯shi has a base-10 number system:   1 - ʂü 2 - matsh 3 - mich 4 - a 5 - dohlaza 6 - ʒeˑo̯ 7 - sheˑo̯h 8 - tseˑo̯ 9 - füz 10 - udz 11 - udz diˑth ʂü “ten and one” 100 - ʂü otch “one hundred” 101 - ʂü otch ʂü “one hundred one” 200 - matsh otch 1000 - ʂü dzeˑo̯ “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -θ Else: Suffix -ui̯θ Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ui̯ɮ Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ɛd Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -oʒ Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -i Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʥ Else: Suffix -aʥ Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʥ Else: Suffix -aˑʥ Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v Else: Suffix -iˑv Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -aˑ Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z Else: Suffix -eˑo̯z One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aʥ Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -χ Else: Suffix -aˑχ Diminutive = Suffix -e Augmentative = Suffix -oh

Geographical Distribution

Naosh is only spoken in the Redwoods.

Dictionary

4561 Words.

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