Drau̯ichi
Natively known as: Drauich /dʁaʊˈʔiç/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...schirnsdt hyldt frarsch schnull te läb schirnsdt werdt te schprünnsibb buhgng ga werdt
Pronunciation: /ʃɪʁnst hylt fʁaʁʃ ʃnʊl tə lɛːp ʃɪʁnst vɛʁt tə ˈʃpʁʏnzɪp buːgŋ gaː vɛʁt/
Drauichi word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p s t v x z ç ŋ ʁ ʃ ʔ ʦ ʧ χ/| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Affricate | ʦ | ʧ | ||||||
| Fricative | f v | s z | ʃ | ç | x | χ ʁ | h | |
| Approximant | j | |||||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
Vowel inventory: /a aɪ aʊ aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː øː œ ɐ ɔ ɔʏ ə ɛ ɛː ɪ ʊ ʏ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, ɔʏ| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | iː i yː y | uː u | |
| Near-high | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |
| High-mid | eː e øː | oː o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ ɛː œ | ɔ | |
| Near-low | ɐ | ||
| Low | a aː |
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, f, fl, fʁ, g, gl, gʁ, h, j, k, kl, kn, kv, kʁ, l, m, n, p, pf, pl, pʁ, s, t, tʁ, v, z, ʁ, ʃ, ʃl, ʃm, ʃn, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃtʁ, ʃv, ʃʁ, ʔ, ʦ, ʦv
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, bʁ, d, f, fg, fh, fn, fp, ft, ftʁ, fʁ, g, gn, h, j, k, kl, ks, kt, kv, kz, kʦ, l, lb, ld, lf, lft, lg, lk, lt, ltz, lz, lç, lʃ, m, mb, mbʁ, ml, mn, mp, mpf, mpj, n, nbl, nd, nf, ng, ngl, ngʁ, nh, nl, nm, nst, nt, ntk, ntl, ntv, ntʔ, nv, nz, nçm, nʁ, nʃ, nʦ, nʧ, p, pf, pl, pv, pz, s, sf, sh, sl, st, stk, sv, sz, sç, sʔ, t, tbʁ, tk, tn, tv, tz, tç, tʔ, v, x, xd, xt, xʁ, z, ç, çk, çl, çst, çt, çtl, ŋ, ŋk, ŋkʦj, ŋn, ŋz, ʁ, ʁb, ʁd, ʁdn, ʁf, ʁg, ʁh, ʁk, ʁkl, ʁl, ʁm, ʁn, ʁnz, ʁp, ʁt, ʁtl, ʁv, ʁz, ʁç, ʁçtb, ʁʃl, ʃ, ʃp, ʃpʁ, ʃt, ʃv, ʔ, ʦ, ʦd, ʦj, χ
Word final consonants: f, ft, gŋ, k, ks, kt, l, lk, lp, lpst, ls, lt, lʃ, m, mpf, n, nf, nft, ns, nst, nt, nts, nʃ, p, pf, pt, pʃ, s, st, t, tl, ts, tst, x, xt, ç, çt, çts, ŋ, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋst, ʁ, ʁf, ʁk, ʁl, ʁn, ʁnst, ʁt, ʁts, ʁç, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʧ Phonological changes (in order of application):
- w → h / _C
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| ([aeiouœɐɔɛɪʊʏ](?!ː))([mbltnps]) | $1$2$2 |
| ([aeiouœɐɔɛɪʊʏ](?!ː))(k) | $1ck |
| aɪ | ei | ai |
| aʊ | au |
| aː | a |
| eː | ä | äh | e | eh | ee |
| iː | ie |
| ks | chs |
| oː | o | oh | oo |
| p# | b |
| t# | dt |
| uː | u | uh |
| v | w |
| x | ch |
| yː | ü |
| z | s |
| ç | ch |
| ø | ö |
| øː | ö |
| ŋ | ng |
| ŋk | nk |
| œ | ö |
| ɐ(?!r) | er |
| ɐ | e |
| ɔ | o |
| ɔʏ | eu |
| ə | e |
| ɛ | ä | e |
| ɛː | ä |
| ɪ | i |
| ʁ | r |
| ʃ | sch |
| ʊ | u |
| ʏ | ü |
| ʔ | |
| ʦ# | zt |
| ʦ | z |
| ʦ | z |
| ʦj | ti |
Grammar Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Noun
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | No affix
krummärl /kʁuˈmɛʁl/ |
Prefix ʃmyː-
schmükrummerl /ˈʃmyːkʁumɛʁl/ |
| Feminine | No affix
krummärl /ˈkʁumɛʁl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix dʁ-
Else: Prefix dʁaʊ- draukrummerl /ˈdʁaʊkʁumɛʁl/ |
| Neuter | No affix
krummärl /ˈkʁumɛʁl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix kn-
Else: Prefix kni- knickrummerl /ˈknikʁumɛʁl/ |
Articles
| Definite | Indefinite | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | e /ə/
the |
achdt /açt/
a |
| Plural | pü /pyː/
the |
schwull /ʃvʊl/
some |
Pronouns
| 1st singular | schtehlpsdt /ʃteːlpst/
I, me |
| 2nd singular | knoü /knɔʏ/
you |
| 3rd singular masc | hyldt /hylt/
he, him, it |
| 3rd singular fem | mi /mɪ/
she, her, it |
| 1st plural | ble /blə/
we, us |
| 2nd plural | glä /glɛː/
you (all) |
| 3rd plural masc | lo /lo/
they, them (masculine) |
| 3rd plural fem | schtei /ʃtaɪ/
they, them (feminine) |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular | schtrüng /ʃtʁʏŋ/
my |
| 2nd singular | droo /dʁoː/
your |
| 3rd singular masc | te /tə/
his, its |
| 3rd singular fem | kno /kno/
her, its |
| 1st plural | flä /flɛ/
our |
| 2nd plural | alldt /alt/
your |
| 3rd plural masc | fri /fʁɪ/
their (masculine) |
| 3rd plural fem | malldt /malt/
their (feminine) |
Verbs
Future tense is indicated with the word:| Future particle | eikdt /ʔaɪkt/
future tense particle |
| Present | Past | Remote past | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃm-
Else: Prefix ʃmøː- schmömill /ʃmøːˈmɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix p-
Else: Prefix pøː- pömill /pøːˈmɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix tʁ-
Else: Prefix tʁaɪ- traimill /ˈtʁaɪmɪl/ |
| 2nd singular | Prefix uː-
umill /ˈuːmɪl/ |
Prefix a-
ammill /ˈamɪl/ |
Prefix gaː-
gamill /ˈgaːmɪl/ |
| 3rd singular masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃt-
Else: Prefix ʃteː- schtehmill /ˈʃteːmɪl/ |
Prefix bla-
blammill /blaˈmɪl/ |
Prefix aʊ-
aumill /ˈaʊmɪl/ |
| 3rd singular fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃl-
Else: Prefix ʃli- schlimmill /ʃliˈmɪl/ |
Prefix ɪ-
immill /ˈɪmɪl/ |
Prefix lɔʏ-
loümill /ˈlɔʏmɪl/ |
| 1st plural | If starts with vowel: Prefix gl-
Else: Prefix glu- glummill /ˈglumɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ɪçtl-
Else: Prefix ɪçtli- ichtlimmill /ɪçˈtlimɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jiː- jiemill /ˈjiːmɪl/ |
| 2nd plural | Prefix koː-
komill /koːˈmɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ʊmp-
Else: Prefix ʊmpaː- ummpamill /ʊmˈpaːmɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix v-
Else: Prefix vaɪ- waimill /ˈvaɪmɪl/ |
| 3rd plural masc | If starts with vowel: Prefix ʏmn-
Else: Prefix ʏmna- ümmnammill /ˈʏmnamɪl/ |
Prefix va-
wammill /ˈvamɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix ʦ-
Else: Prefix ʦeː- zähmill /ˈʦeːmɪl/ |
| 3rd plural fem | If starts with vowel: Prefix eːkʦ-
Else: Prefix eːkʦʏ- äkzümmill /ˈeːkʦʏmɪl/ |
Prefix e-
emmill /eˈmɪl/ |
If starts with vowel: Prefix kʁ-
Else: Prefix kʁu- krummill /ˈkʁumɪl/ |
Imperfective aspect
The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am studying, and habitual actions, such as I study (every night). It is indicated with the word:| Imperfect particle | flä /flɛ/
imperfect particle |
Perfect aspect
Perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present. In Drauichi, the perfect is constructed with an affix| Perfect | If starts with vowel: Prefix ext-
Else: Prefix exteː- echtemill /exˈteːmɪl/ |
Numbers
Drauichi has a base-10 number system:
1 - drursch
2 - schniechre
3 - zynchmer
4 - schmon
5 - draukwönnsti
6 - bro
7 - sochdt
8 - dissonnf
9 - buh
10 - schtrünnta
11 - schtrünnta schirnsdt drursch “ten and one”
100 - gle “hundred”
101 - gle druhrsch “hundred one”
200 - schniechrä gle
1000 - fläch “thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix ʔeː-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix kʁ-
Else: Prefix kʁu-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ʁeː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix uː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If starts with vowel: Prefix anh-
Else: Prefix anha-
Noun → verb (to create [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix on-
Else: Prefix onaː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɛːng-
Else: Prefix ɛːngaʊ-
Verb → adjective (likely to do [verb]) = Prefix aɪ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix umpj-
Else: Prefix umpjɐ-
Verb → noun that verb physically produces (e.g. build → building) = Prefix zoː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix gʊ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ɛ-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix yːnʧ-
Else: Prefix yːnʧɪ-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix v-
Else: Prefix vɪ-
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