Adun, Falor Paj, 11th, Okla, 3092

Natively known as: Màpnà /ˈmɑpnɑ/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... daɪ daɪ kod daɪ yàktod mav daɪ daɪ vomnaɪ nuw yeɪtlàr kon Pronunciation: /daɪ daɪ kod daɪ ˈjɑktod mav daɪ daɪ vomˈnaɪ nuw ˈjeɪtlɑr kon/ Màpnàian word order: and he stood his hat holding and his wet face turned the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /d j k l m n p r t v w x ɡ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p		t d		k ɡ
Fricative		v			x
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: /a aɪ eɪ i o u ɑ/   Diphthongs: aɪ, eɪ

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid		o
Low	a	ɑ

Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)(C) Stress pattern: No fixed stress Word initial consonants: d, j, k, m, n, p, t, v, w, ɡ Mid-word consonants: d, dl, dm, dn, dr, j, jd, jj, jk, jl, jv, k, kd, kl, kn, kt, kw, l, ld, lp, lr, m, mj, mk, mn, mp, mt, mv, mw, n, nl, nm, nn, nw, nx, nɡ, p, pj, pk, pl, pn, pv, r, rd, rm, rn, rr, rt, rw, t, td, tk, tl, tx, v, vj, vl, vw, vɡ, w, wl, wp, ww, wɡ, x, xd, xk, xt, xw, ɡ, ɡj, ɡk, ɡn, ɡv, ɡw, ɡx, ɡɡ Word final consonants: d, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, ɡ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• m → w / _#
• l → n / _#
• {p,t,k} → [+voice] / V_r
• u → i / _j

  How to read phonological rules   Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
aɪ	ie
eɪ	ay
ɑ	à
ɡ	g
x	kh
j	y

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door opened with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nominative	No affix mik /mik/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	Prefix dɑ- dàmik /ˈdɑmik/ (verb done to) doɡ

Singular	No affix mik /mik/ doɡ
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -un mikun /ˈmikun/ doɡs

Articles

  Màpnàian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.  

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	neɪg /neɪɡ/ I	ni /ni/ me
2nd singular	ku /ku/ you (masc)	yaɪg /jaɪɡ/ you
3rd singular masc	daɪ /daɪ/ he, it	neɪm /neɪm/ him, it
3rd singular fem	or /or/ she, it	gop /ɡop/ her, it
1st plural	yaɪ /jaɪ/ we	got /ɡot/ us
2nd plural	wur /wur/ you all	tu /tu/ you all
3rd plural	mu /mu/ they	geɪd /ɡeɪd/ them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	neɪg /neɪɡ/ my
2nd singular	yaɪg /jaɪɡ/ your
3rd singular masc	daɪ /daɪ/ his
3rd singular fem	or /or/ her
1st plural	yaɪ /jaɪ/ our
2nd plural	wur /wur/ your (pl)
3rd plural	mu /mu/ their

Verbs

Present	Prefix mo- moogyol /mooˈɡjol/ learn
Past	No affix ogyol /ˈoɡjol/ learned
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -w Else: Suffix -ow ogyolow /oɡjoˈlow/ will learn

Progressive aspect   The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Màpnàian uses a standalone particle word for progressive:

Progressive

Particle before the verb: neɪt - neɪt ogyol /neɪt oˈɡjol/ is learninɡ

Habitual aspect   The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Màpnàian uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: o - o ogyol /o ˈoɡjol/ learns

Numbers

  Màpnàian has a base-  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jo- Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ku- Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix teɪ- Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix p- Else: Prefix pi- Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix no- Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix daɪ- Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix dɑ- Tending to = Prefix eɪ- Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix na- Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix keɪ- One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jo- Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix u- Diminutive = Prefix a- Augmentative = Prefix u-