Kandosian

Natively known as: kandos /kanˈdos/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
bwis a gorax woma bo geci bwis nditus bo yax wemve kax nurax
Pronunciation: /bwis a goˈɾax woˈma bo get͡ʃˈi bwis ndiˈtus bo jax wemˈve kax nuˈɾax/
Kandosian word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b c d f g h j k l m n p s t t͡s t͡ʃ v w x z ç ŋ ɟ ɲ ɾ ʃ ʒ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	b p		t d		c ɟ	k g
Affricate				t͡ʃ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ	ç	x	h
Approximant					j
Tap			ɾ
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a e i o u  

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ?   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
c	cy
t͡ʃ	c
j	y
ʒ	j
ɟ	jy
ŋ	ng
ɲ	ny
p͡f	pf
ɾ	r
ʃ	sh
ç	shy
t͡s	ts

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?  

Nouns

 

Singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix nt- Else: Prefix ntu- nturumvox /ntuˈɾumvox/ dog
Plural	Prefix a- arumvox /aˈɾumvox/ dogs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	ba /ba/ the	ryix /ɾjix/ a
Plural	nki /nki/ the	nsu /nsu/ some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	ntu /ntu/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	res /ɾes/ you, yours
3rd singular	a /a/ he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	nta /nta/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ku /ku/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	is /is/ they, them, theirs

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	gas /gas/ my
2nd singular	bwis /bwis/ your
3rd singular	bo /bo/ his, her, its
1st plural	ki /ki/ our
2nd plural	kix /kix/ your (pl)
3rd plural	sa /sa/ their

 

Verbs

 

Present	Prefix o- omabwas /oˈmabwas/ learn
Past	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix go- gomabwas /goˈmabwas/ learned

  Kandosian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ɲa - nya mabwas /ɲa maˈbwas/ will learn

 

Progressive aspect

  The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.
Kandosian uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  

Progressive

Particle before the verb: ne - ne mabwas /ne maˈbwas/ be learning

 

Habitual aspect

  The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).
Kandosian uses an affix for habitual:

Habitual

Prefix u- umabwas /uˈmabwas/ learn (often, habitually)

 

Numbers

  Kandosian has a base-12 number system:   1 - rwi
2 - ryux
3 - mbo
4 - kex
5 - gex
6 - se
7 - ganex
8 - as
9 - nki
10 - nkes
11 - ki
12 - gas
144 - mbus
1728 - nokux
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix e-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix u-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix s-
Else: Prefix si-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ku-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix nti-
Noun to verb = Prefix o-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɾ-
Else: Prefix aɾa-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix ji-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix aɾ-
Else: Prefix aɾa-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix a-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix nto-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix ka-
Diminutive = Prefix i-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix j-
Else: Prefix jo-