Gaxidian

Natively known as: gaxid /gaˈxid/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
a mats mata kad fox wexand a kad gbad pernah six anm mam
Pronunciation: /a mats maˈta kad fox weˈxãd a kad gbad perˈnah six ãm mam/
Gaxidian word order: and he stood hat his holding and his face wet turned the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t w x ŋ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ŋ
Stop	b p		t d		k g
Fricative		f	s		x	h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a aː ã e eː ẽ i ĩ o õ u ũ  

	Front	Back
High	i ĩ	u ũ
High-mid	e ẽ eː	o õ
Low	a ã aː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ŋɡ	ng
j	y
iː	ii
uː	uu
eː	ee
oː	oo
ɛː	ɛɛ
ɔː	ɔɔ
aː	aa
ĩ	in
ũ	un
ẽ	en
õ	on
ɛ̃	ɛn
ɔ̃	ɔn
ã	an

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Object Verb (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary the door opened with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?  

Nouns

  Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipient of something: man gives ball to dog.

  Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: ex - ex finh /ex fĩh/ dogs

 

Nominative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -h Else: Suffix -ah finhah /fĩˈhah/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -ã finhan /fĩˈhã/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -e finhe /fĩˈhe/ dogʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -as finhas /fĩˈhas/ to dog

 

Articles

 

Definite	fa /fa/ the
Indefinite	ne /ne/ a, some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’.

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	na /na/ I	no /no/ me	yun /jũ/ mine	mu /mu/ to me
2nd singular	fa /fa/ you	ma /ma/ you	me /me/ yours	an /ã/ to you
3rd singular masc	mats /mats/ he, it (masc)	nas /nas/ his, it (masc)	ne /ne/ his, its (masc)	nis /nis/ to his, to it (masc)
3rd singular fem	nam /nam/ she, it (fem)	xa /xa/ her, it (fem)	nats /nats/ hers, its (fem)	rats /rats/ to her, to it (fem)
1st plural	gba /gba/ we	wan /wã/ us	wi /wi/ ours	nes /nes/ to us
2nd plural	ad /ad/ you all	rih /rih/ you all	fam /fam/ yours (pl)	nots /nots/ to you all
3rd plural	ras /ras/ they	ta /ta/ them	nan /nã/ theirs	mah /mah/ to them

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	i /i/ my
2nd singular	yi /ji/ your
3rd singular masc	kad /kad/ his
3rd singular fem	e /e/ her
1st plural	nes /nes/ our
2nd plural	nah /nah/ your (pl)
3rd plural	nits /nits/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Future
1st singular	Suffix -a nunsa /nũˈsa/ (I) will learn
2nd singular	Suffix -ah nunsah /nũˈsah/ (you) will learn
3rd singular	Suffix -õx nunsonx /nũˈsõx/ (he/she/it) will learn
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -am nunsam /nũˈsam/ (we) will learn
2nd plural	Suffix -ax nunsax /nũˈsax/ (you all) will learn
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -id nunsid /nũˈsid/ (they) will learn

  Gaxidian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: shud - shud nuns /shud nũs/ learned

 

Numbers

  Gaxidian has a base-12 number system:   1 - gen
2 - ma
3 - its
4 - fax
5 - fex
6 - su
7 - nanm
8 - nu
9 - mada
10 - nenx
11 - mixaxe
12 - rud
144 - nalon
1728 - ax
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -ad
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ts
Else: Suffix -ets
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -e
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ah
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mi
Else: Suffix -emi
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ts
Else: Suffix -ats
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -uh
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -am
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ts
Else: Suffix -ats
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -x
Else: Suffix -ux
Augmentative = Suffix -as