Duyakti

Natively known as: duyakti /dujakˈti/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
shen rin shu jas ə ca shen jadi the shu yu iwanun wəwawəm
Pronunciation: /ʃen rin ʃu d͡ʒas ə tʃa ʃen d͡ʒaˈdi the ʃu ju iwaˈnun wəwaˈwəm/
Duyakti word order: and he hat his holding stood and the wind to his face wet turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d d͡ʒ f g h j k kᵑ l m n p r s t v w x z ɲ ʃ ʔ ᵑg ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ɲ
Stop	b p		d t ⁿd			k g ᵑg kᵑ	ʔ
Affricate				d͡ʒ ⁿd͡ʒ
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ		x	h
Approximant					j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a e i o u ə ɨ  

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable ?   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɨ	ǝ
j	y
d͡ʒ	j
ᵑg	ng
ⁿd	nd
ɲ	ny
tʃ	c
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?  

Nouns

  Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

  Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: dam - dam zanuflo /dam zanuˈflo/ dogs

 

Nominative	Suffix -an zanufloan /zaˌnufloˈan/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ən zanuflon /zanuˈflon/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -al zanuflol /zanuˈflol/ dogʼs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	o /o/ the	a /a/ a
Plural	əs /əs/ the	wa /wa/ some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	kan /kan/ I	ndam /ⁿdam/ me	wər /wər/ mine
2nd singular	bo /bo/ you	wə /wə/ you	go /go/ yours
3rd singular masc	rin /rin/ he,	sho /ʃo/ his,	kon /kon/ his,
3rd singular fem	wəs /wəs/ she,	to /to/ her,	ta /ta/ hers,
3rd singular neuter	wi /wi/ it (neut)	ca /tʃa/ it (neut)	od /od/ its (neut)
1st plural	um /um/ we	wun /wun/ us	baff /baff/ ours
2nd plural	win /win/ you all	so /so/ you all	wǝ /wɨ/ yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	ke /ke/ they (masc)	ngon /ᵑgon/ them (masc)	lem /lem/ theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	wa /wa/ they (fem)	sin /sin/ them (fem)	di /di/ theirs (fem)
3rd plural neuter	na /na/ they (neut)	ka /ka/ them (neut)	de /de/ theirs (neut)

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	zor /zor/ my
2nd singular	ga /ga/ your
3rd singular masc	shu /ʃu/ his
3rd singular fem	dər /dər/ her
3rd singular neuter	de /de/ his, her, its (neut)
1st plural	cə /tʃə/ our
2nd plural	yən /jən/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	kam /kam/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	go /go/ their (fem)
3rd plural neuter	bas /bas/ their (neut)

 

Verbs

 

Present	Suffix -a moazina /moˌaziˈna/ learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -en moazinen /moˌaziˈnen/ learned
Future	Suffix -am moazinam /moˌaziˈnam/ will learn

 

Imperfective aspect

  The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Duyakti uses an affix for imperfective:  

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -an moazinan /moˌaziˈnan/ learn

 

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Duyakti uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

Suffix -o moazino /moˌaziˈno/ have learned

 

Numbers

  Duyakti has a base-12 number system:   1 - win
2 - wun
3 - kes
4 - tan
5 - kir
6 - e
7 - sar
8 - ndə
9 - aws
10 - katin
11 - bo
12 - isə
144 - ru
1728 - ramba
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -a
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ən
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -en
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -a
Noun to verb = Suffix -an
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -a
Tending to = Suffix -ul
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ows
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -ən
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -do
Else: Suffix -ado
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -on
Augmentative = Suffix -a