Pundid (ˈpundid)

Official state language of the Opal Empire.  

Natively known as: pundid /ˈpundid/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tec o o ga id ca tec frafo io o rat deil dei
Pronunciation: /tek oː oː gaː id kaː tek ˈfrafo io̯ oː rat dei̯l dei̯/
Pundidian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d f g h k kʷ l m n p r s t w   Click IPA symbols for audio [img]  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	k kʷ g
Fricative		f	s		h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a ae̯ au̯ aː e ei̯ eu̯ eː i io̯ iu̯ iː o oe̯ oː u ui̯ uː   Diphthongs: ae̯ au̯ ei̯ eu̯ io̯ iu̯ oe̯ ui̯  

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low	a aː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
kʷ	qu
ks	x
k	c
w	v
ː
̯

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

	Nominative	Accusative
Singular	No affix upsi /ˈupsi/ dog (when doing the verb)	Suffix -is upsiis /ˈupsiis/ (verb done to) dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ui̯n upsin /ˈupsin/ dogs (when doing the verb)	Suffix -ui̯ upsiui /ˈupsiui̯/ (verb done to) dogs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	vu /wu/ the	bru /bruː/ a
Plural	scen /skeːn/ the	mei /mei̯/ some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	o /o/ I	pi /pi/ me
2nd singular	vist /wist/ you	ae /ae̯/ you
3rd singular masc	o /oː/ he, it	pluis /plui̯s/ him, it
3rd singular fem	spil /spil/ she, it	pis /pis/ her, it
1st plural inclusive	ceuns /keu̯ns/ we (including you)	glix /gliːks/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	fli /fli/ we (excluding you)	laec /lae̯k/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	pui /pui̯/ you all	eu /eu̯/ you all
3rd plural	cost /koːst/ they	ax /aks/ them

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	o /o/ my
2nd singular	vist /wist/ your
3rd singular masc	o /oː/ his
3rd singular fem	spil /spil/ her
1st plural inclusive	ceuns /keu̯ns/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	fli /fli/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	pui /pui̯/ your (pl)
3rd plural	cost /koːst/ their

 

Verbs

 

1st person	Suffix -aːrs griars /ˈgriaːrs/ (I/we) learn/learned/will learn
2nd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ddoː Else: Suffix -uddoː griddo /ˈgriddoː/ (you) learn/learned/will learn
3rd person	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -uːs gris /gris/ (he/she/it/they) learn/learned/will learn

  Pundidian uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: pim - pim gri /pim gri/ learned

  Pundidian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: eu̯ - eu gri /eu̯ gri/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Pundidian has a base-10 number system:   1 - tu
2 - o
3 - nui
4 - scinc
5 - mas
6 - presca
7 - ma
8 - glisse
9 - lit
10 - so
Hundred - pi
Thousand - sem  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ui̯t
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rs
Else: Suffix -oːrs
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -io̯k
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -io̯m
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ps
Else: Suffix -aps
Noun to verb = Suffix -uː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lnae̯
Else: Suffix -oe̯lnae̯
Tending to = Suffix -u
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -st
Else: Suffix -ui̯st
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -eːnk
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -iu̯st
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -bsoe̯
Else: Suffix -ibsoe̯
Diminutive = Suffix -ars
Augmentative = Suffix -ui̯