Wendec

LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 2.98 M / #17   SPOKEN IN: Oralt - 2.6M / Ansal - 180K / Liij - 100K / Loy - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: xhʰu xi cʰtʰy ˈcʰtʰaːuwy ˈfoi ˈrao xhʰu ˈeɫaː cʰtʰy ptuvh be   Pronunciation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰiː ˈkʰtʰaːuwj ˈfoi ˈrao ʧʰu ˈeɫaː kʰtʰiː ptuːvh be     Wendec word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h j k l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ s sˠ t tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ð ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɹ ɾ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mʲ mˠ m		n̪ˠ	nʲ n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ p bˠ b		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ t dʲ d		c ɟ	k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		fʲ fˠ f vˠ vʲ v	θ ð	sˠ s z	ʃ		x	h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ ɾ
Lateral approximant				lʲ l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	ʍ w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

  Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/   Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə  

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ
Word final consonants: d, dh, l, lh, n, s, sh, vh, wg, wj, x, xh, xt, ɾ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• n → ∅ / _s
• k → x / V_t
• t → ʃ / _{i,ı̃}
• u → ∅ / a_

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	qu
kt	cked / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nc
ŋ	ng
ʧ	xh
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	cc
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ov / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oi
ɪə	eer
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yi
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	je / _#
ʤ	dj
ɜː	ur
ɔː	or
uː	u
quur	quir
eə	ere

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix ˈais /ˈais/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -aixh aˈisaixh /aˈisaixh/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -aːxt ˈaisaːxed /ˈaisaːxt/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -aun aˈisaun /aˈisaun/ to (the/a) dog

   

Singular	No affix aˈis /aˈis/ dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es ˈaises /ˈaises/ dogs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	oɾ /oɾ/ the	xhoːsh /ʧoːsh/ a
Plural	toi /toi/ the	bɮau /bɮau/ some

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	cʰaːun /kʰaːun/ I	shoi /ʃoi/ me	aːis /aːis/ mine	ntʰu /ntʰu/ to me
2nd singular	cʰtʰou /kʰtʰou/ you (masc)	ptoː /ptoː/ you	xhʰu /ʧʰuː/ yours	oːl /oːl/ to you
3rd singular masc	xi /xi/ he, it	aː /aː/ him, it	ntʰolh /ntʰolh/ his, its	faolh /faolh/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	soː /soː/ she, it	sau /sau/ her, it	tʰu /tʰuː/ hers, its	shae /ʃae/ to her, at it
1st plural	cʰtʰaːish /kʰtʰaːish/ we	bau /bau/ us	ʦaoxed /ʦaoxt/ ours	su /suː/ to us
2nd plural	cʰaːush /kʰaːush/ you all	you /jou/ you all	ou /ou/ yours (pl)	u /u/ to you all
3rd plural	cʰtʰaːuwg /kʰtʰaːuwg/ they	aos /aos/ them	oːwg /oːwg/ theirs	ty /tiː/ to them

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	bau /bau/ my
2nd singular	eewg /iːwg/ your
3rd singular masc	cʰtʰy /kʰtʰiː/ his
3rd singular fem	xheːwg /ʧeːwg/ her
1st plural	nʲaːd /nʲaːd/ our
2nd plural	bɮu /bɮuː/ your (pl)
3rd plural	aos /aos/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ail ʦʰiˈɾail /ʦʰiˈɾail/ (I) learn	Suffix -a ʦʰiˈɾa /ʦʰiˈɾa/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wg Else: Suffix -oiwg ˈʦʰiɾoiwg /ˈʦʰiɾoiwg/ (I) learned (long ago)
2nd singular	Suffix -ud ˈʦʰiɾud /ˈʦʰiɾud/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -vh Else: Suffix -eːvh ʦʰiˈɾeːvh /ʦʰiˈɾeːvh/ (you) learned	Suffix -aixh ˈʦʰiɾaixh /ˈʦʰiɾaixh/ (you) learned (long ago)
3rd singular	Suffix -ewg ʦʰiˈɾewg /ʦʰiˈɾewg/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -uɾ ˈʦʰiɾuɾ /ˈʦʰiɾuɾ/ (he/she/it) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -dh Else: Suffix -aːdh ˈʦʰiɾaːdh /ˈʦʰiɾaːdh/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago)
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -eːwj ˈʦʰiɾeːwy /ˈʦʰiɾeːwj/ (we) learn	Suffix -aː ʦʰiˈɾaː /ʦʰiˈɾaː/ (we) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -sh Else: Suffix -osh ˈʦʰiɾosh /ˈʦʰiɾosh/ (we) learned (long ago)
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -oːlh ˈʦʰiɾoːlh /ˈʦʰiɾoːlh/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -aiwj ˈʦʰiɾaiwy /ˈʦʰiɾaiwj/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn ˈʦʰiɾeen /ˈʦʰiɾiːn/ (you all) learned (long ago)
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt Else: Suffix -uːxt ʦʰiˈɾuxed /ʦʰiˈɾuːxt/ (they) learn	Suffix -ix ʦʰiˈɾix /ʦʰiˈɾix/ (they) learned	Suffix -uːd ˈʦʰiɾude /ˈʦʰiɾuːd/ (they) learned (long ago)

  Wendec uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ntʰoxt - ntʰoxed ʦʰiɾ /ntʰoxt ʦʰiɾ/ will learn

  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Wendec uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

Suffix -ai ˈʦʰiɾai /ˈʦʰiɾai/ have learned

 

Numbers

  Wendec has a base-20 number system:   1 - ny
2 - ˈaidh
3 - gos
4 - ˈfhaːi
5 - bud
6 - ˈshae
7 - ʦʰo
8 - ya
9 - nʲuɾ
10 - xhʰaː
11 - ˈntʰet̪ˠeː
12 - ˈshael
13 - eeˈɲy
14 - maːˈuɲaˌe
15 - fhaːˈunʲaː
16 - ((sixteen))
17 - ˈxeɲu
18 - ˈeːt̪ˠoi
19 - xheːsh
20 - xhʰaˈibˠaˌe
21 - ny xhʰu ˈxhʰaiˌbˠae “one and twenty”
400 - ny ˈptai “one fourhundred”
401 - ny ptaˈi xhʰu ny “one fourhundred and one”
800 - aˈidh ptaˈi “two fourhundred”
8000 - ny ma “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -eːlh
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ai
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -aolh
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːin
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -oiɾ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ilh
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -aːish
Tending to = Suffix -osh
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uɾ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aːu
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aːish
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uːxt
Diminutive = Suffix -ewj
Augmentative = Suffix -oi