Timeredrhu

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 100K / #65   SPOKEN IN: Arlos - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: nda cú dlag wurv cú vrós nda dév cú lirv dthumh fi frórv   Pronunciation: nda kuː dləig wʊrv kuː vroːs nda deːv kuː lɪrv dhʊvˠ fɪ froːrv     Timeredrhu word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h k l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ r s sˠ t tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ŋ ɟ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mʲ mˠ		n̪ˠ	n nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p pˠ b bˠ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	t tʲ d dʲ		c ɟ	k g
Fricative		f fʲ fˠ v vˠ vʲ		s sˠ z	ʃ		x	h
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l lʲ

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

  Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/   Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu  

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, c, d, dh, dl, dr, f, fl, fr, g, gr, gw, h, hw, k, l, m, n, nd, p, r, s, sk, sp, t, th, v, vr, w, wl, z
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: b, d, dh, dr, dʲ, d̪ˠ, g, gh, h, k, l, ll, lʲ, mdh, mpt, mʲ, mˠ, n, ns, nt, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, r, rn, rv, s, st, sˠ, t, v, vʲ, vˠ, wls, ws, x, xt̪ˠ, z, ɟ, ɫ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ʃ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• n → ŋ / _#
• g → ɣ / V_#
• ks → ʦ / _V
• b → ∅ / m_s

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
^n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
tʲu	tiu
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 

Singular	No affix co /kɔ/ dog
Plural	Prefix dləi- dlaco /ˈdləikɔ/ dogs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	flon /flɔn/ the	fró /froː/ a
Plural	or /ɔr/ the	wai /wəu/ some

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	séb /seːb/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	rimpt /rɪmpt/ you, yours
3rd singular	cú /kuː/ he, she, him, her, his, hers, it, its
1st plural	thwad /hwəid̪ˠ/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	dlai /dləu/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	dácht /dɑːxt̪ˠ/ they, them, theirs

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	séb /seːb/ my
2nd singular	rimpt /rɪmpt/ your
3rd singular	cú /kuː/ his, her, its
1st plural	thwad /hwəid̪ˠ/ our
2nd plural	dlai /dləu/ your (pl)
3rd plural	dácht /dɑːxt̪ˠ/ their

 

Verbs

 

Present	No affix gwuns /gwʊns/ learn
Past	Prefix wlia- wliagwuns /ˈwliagwʊns/ learned

  Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ndɑːdr - ndádr gwuns /ndɑːdr gwʊns/ will learn

  Progressive aspect   The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as I am learning.   Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for progressive:  

Progressive

Particle before the verb: ciəmdh - ciamdth gwuns /ciəmdh gwʊns/ is learning

  Habitual aspect   The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (I learned something).   Timeredrhu uses a standalone particle word for habitual:

Habitual

Particle before the verb: pɑːvʲ - pábh gwuns /pɑːvʲ gwʊns/ learns

 

Numbers

  Timeredrhu has a base-10 number system:   1 - obh
2 - dla
3 - óz
4 - dracht
5 - ndánni
6 - caig
7 - la
8 - gé
9 - dra
10 - tha
11 - obh nda tha “one and ten”
100 - obh frú “one hundred”
101 - obh frú nda obh “one hundred and one”
200 - dla frú
1000 - obh dthuws “one thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix dh- Else: Prefix dhuə-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ha-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix iː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix v- Else: Prefix voː-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ɑː-
Noun to verb = Prefix fliː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix iː-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix gr- Else: Prefix grʊ-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fɪ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spuə-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix fɪ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix ria-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix hw- Else: Prefix hwəi-
Augmentative = Prefix a-