Pesadoric*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: SINNUTIAN   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:   DESCENDANT LANGUAGES:  

---

  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: əungw pˠɔlb gɫesn ɔndi n̪ˠoːfed nʲɔidcwu əungw eeleɨldn n̪ˠoːfed aɨmn vʲuftw eːnk gɫeeʔdainh   Pronunciation: əuŋgw pˠɔlb gɫɛsn ˈɔndi n̪ˠoːft nʲɔidkw əuŋgw ˈiːleɨldn n̪ˠoːft aɨmn vʲuftw eːnk ˈgɫiːʔdainh   Pesadoric word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h j k l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ q r s sˠ t tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x z ð ŋ ɟ ɣ ɫ ɲ ɹ ɾ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ ʍ ʔ ʤ ʧ θ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	mʲ mˠ m		n̪ˠ	nʲ n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ p bˠ b		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ t dʲ d		c ɟ	k g	q	ʔ
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		fʲ fˠ f vʲ vˠ v	θ ð	sˠ s z	ʃ		x ɣ		h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾʲ ɾˠ ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				lʲ l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	ʍ w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

  Vowel inventory: /a ai au aɨ aː ei eɨ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi ɔɨ ə əu ɛ ɛu ɨ ɨu ɨː ɪ ɪu ʊ ʊɨ/   Diphthongs: ai, au, aɨ, ei, eɨ, ɔi, ɔɨ, əu, ɛu, ɨu, ɪu, ʊɨ  

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Mid-word consonants: b, bz, d, f, ft, g, h, hr, j, jr, k, l, m, mr, mʔ, n, nd, ng, p, q, qt, r, rb, rd, rg, rk, rm, rn, rs, s, sr, st, t, tr, tʃ, v, vr, vʔ, x, xt, z, zv, ɣ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃq, ʃt, ʔ, ʔd, ʔr, ʤ
Word final consonants: N/A   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• ŋ → w / C_
• k → g / _{[+liquid],j}
• s → h / V_V
• j → ʒ / ,ʔ,V}_V
• l → s / _k
• d → r / V_{V,
• n → ŋ / _#
• j → ʝː / V_V
• m → n / _f

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
kw	kwu
kt	kt / _#
k	c / !_{ɪ,i,ɛ,e,s}
oʊC₁	oC₁e
uːC₁	uC₁e / _#
eɪC₁	aC₁e / _#
ð	th
θ	th
ʍ	wh
ŋg	ng
ŋk	nk
ŋ	ng
ʧ	ch
ʃ	sh
ɹ	r
z	s / _#
ju	u / C_
cc	ck
c	k / _#
{t,d}	ed / C_#
aʊ	ow / _#
aʊ	ou
ɔɪ	oy
ɪə	air
ɪ	y / _#
ɪ	i
ji	yee
j	y
iː	y / _#
yy	yi / _#
y	i / #_#
ʌ	u
iː	ee
oʊ	o
ʊ	oo
ɛ	e
ɑ(ː)	a
t	tt / æ_#
l	ll / æ_#
s	ss / æ_#
z	zz / æ_#
æ	a
ʤ	j / #_
ʤ	ge / _#
ʤ	dj
ɜː	urr
ɔː	orr
uː	uh
quur	kwr
eə	eir

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have two cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.

Nominative	No affix ɔiksp /ɔiksp/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃtʲ- Else: Prefix ʃtʲɪu- shtʲɔiksp /ʃtʲɔiksp/ (verb done to) dog

   

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	Prefix ɾˠɫɪu- ɾˠɫiuɫooled /ˈɾˠɫɪuɫʊlt/ man	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɫ- Else: Prefix ɫau- ɫauɫooled /ɫauˈɫʊlt/ men
Feminine	Prefix sˠt̪ˠɔɨ- sˠt̪ˠɔɨɫoonge /ˈsˠt̪ˠɔɨɫʊnʤ/ woman	Prefix xt̪ˠə- xt̪ˠəɫoonge /xt̪ˠəˈɫʊnʤ/ women
Neuter	Prefix aː- aːɔiksp /ˈaːɔiksp/ dog	If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾˠsˠ- Else: Prefix ɾˠsˠɨu- ɾˠsˠɔiksp /ɾˠsˠɔiksp/ dogs

 

Articles

 

Definite	mʲoːksk /mʲoːksk/ the
Indefinite	mˠpˠɨ /mˠpˠɨ/ a, some

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	ɫoofed /ɫʊft/ I	xeɨ /xeɨ/ me
2nd singular	fʲaɨsed /fʲaɨsd/ you (masc)	nʲshailge /nʲʃailʤ/ you
3rd singular masc	gɫesn /gɫɛsn/ he	ɾˠaː /ɾˠaː/ him
3rd singular fem	goːrml /goːɹml/ she	hɾˠɨucf /hɾˠɨukf/ her
3rd singular neut	a /a/ it	mʲə /mʲə/ it
1st plural inclusive	vˠei /vˠei/ we (including you)	nʲshau /nʲʃau/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	ɫt̪ˠuh /ɫt̪ˠuː/ we (excluding you)	xaɨlb /xaɨlb/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	ei /ei/ you all	pˠy /pˠiː/ you all
3rd plural masc	bˠɨ /bˠɨ/ they (masc)	i /i/ them (masc)
3rd plural fem	lʲaingl /lʲaiŋgl/ they (fem)	lʲoogy /lʲʊgj/ them (fem)
3rd plural neut	eɨ /eɨ/ they (neut)	vˠau /vˠau/ them (neut)

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	xt̪ˠə /xt̪ˠə/ my
2nd singular	xt̪ˠeːldn /xt̪ˠeːldn/ your
3rd singular masc	n̪ˠoːfed /n̪ˠoːft/ his
3rd singular fem	fʲiu /fʲɪu/ her
3rd singular neut	ei /ei/ its
1st plural inclusive	mˠpˠɨ /mˠpˠɨ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	mʲə /mʲə/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	ɾˠeeksm /ɾˠiːksm/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	hesch /hɛsʧ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	hɾˠeu /hɾˠɛu/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	tʲeled /tʲɛld/ their (neut)

 

Verbs

 

Present	No affix fˠevm /fˠɛvm/ learn
Past	Prefix au- aufˠevm /ˈaufˠɛvm/ learned
Future	If starts with vowel: Prefix ʃtʲ- Else: Prefix ʃtʲɪu- shtʲiufˠevm /ʃtʲɪuˈfˠɛvm/ will learn

  Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Pesadoric uses an affix for imperfective:  

Imperfective

Prefix bˠɨ- bˠɨfˠevm /bˠɨˈfˠɛvm/ learns/is learning

 

Numbers

  Pesadoric has a base-20 number system:   1 - pˠɔnb
2 - ɾˠɫiungckh
3 - i
4 - au
5 - mʲoː
6 - eɨ
7 - tʲaː
8 - fˠirthw
9 - eu
10 - lʲɨːzvɔ
11 - shaulsh
12 - aːrthw
13 - hɔnsm
14 - ɫɨːdjed
15 - bˠɨvɨuzɔi
16 - hɾˠɨuteith
17 - ceudl
18 - eːchl
19 - ivn
20 - sˠt̪ˠeushm
21 - sˠt̪ˠeushmpˠɔnb “twenty-one”
400 - ɔrdəng “fourhundred”
401 - ɔrdəng əungw pˠɔnb “fourhundred and one”
800 - ɾˠɫiungckh ɔrdəng “two fourhundred”
8000 - oːnsm “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Prefix ɪu-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix t̪ˠi-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix dʲ- Else: Prefix dʲeː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix n̪ˠ- Else: Prefix n̪ˠə-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix i-
Noun to verb = Prefix d̪ˠeɨ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ɔ-
Tending to = If starts with vowel: Prefix xt̪ˠ- Else: Prefix xt̪ˠə-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɾˠɫ- Else: Prefix ɾˠɫaɨ-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ɨː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ɔ-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɫt̪ˠ- Else: Prefix ɫt̪ˠə-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gə-
Augmentative = If starts with vowel: Prefix tʲ- Else: Prefix tʲɔ-