Okkaringa*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: FARANG   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: rae̯ dree kae̯ jeet en mäy̯ rae̯ lui̯ en rhyye rilmit sa täi̯läy̯   Pronunciation: rae̯ dreː kae̯ jeːt en mæy̯ rae̯ lui̯ en ˈrhyːe ˈrilmit sɑ ˈtæi̯læy̯   Okkaringa word order: and stood he holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f fː h j k kː l lː m mː n nː p pː r rː s sː t tː ŋ ʋ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mː		n nː		ŋ
Stop	p pː b		t tː d		k kː
Fricative		f fː	s sː			h
Approximant		ʋ		j
Trill			r rː
Lateral approximant			l lː

  Vowel inventory: /ae̯ e ei̯ eu̯ eː i ie̯ iː o oi̯ ou̯ oː u ui̯ uo̯ uː y yi̯ yø̯ yː æ æi̯ æy̯ æː ø øi̯ øy̯ ɑ ɑi̯ ɑu̯ ɑː/   Diphthongs: ae̯, ei̯, eu̯, ie̯, oi̯, ou̯, ui̯, uo̯, yi̯, yø̯, æi̯, æy̯, øi̯, øy̯, ɑi̯, ɑu̯  

	Front	Back
High	i iː y yː	u uː
High-mid	e eː ø	o oː
Near-low	æ æː
Low		ɑ ɑː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: d, dr, h, hm, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, rh, s, sk, t, ʋ
Mid-word consonants: b, d, f, fː, h, hd, hj, hk, hm, ht, hʋ, j, k, ks, kː, l, lh, lj, lk, ll, lm, lp, lpː, lt, ltː, lʋ, lː, m, mp, mpː, mː, n, nh, np, nr, ns, nsː, nt, ntː, nː, p, ps, pt, pː, r, rh, rj, rk, rkː, rm, rp, rst, rt, rʋ, rː, s, sk, st, sː, t, tk, tn, ts, tː, ŋk, ŋkː, ʋ
Word final consonants: kk, ks, l, n, p, rt, s, sk, t   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• b → u / V_{l,r}
• i → u / _(C)u
• l → r / _#
• j → r / V_V
• b → m / #_Vn
• k → t / _l

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʋ	v
tː	tt
lː	ll
sː	ss
kː	kk
fː	ff
ŋ	n
æː	ää
æ	ä
yː	yy
ɑː	aa
ɑ	a
ø	ö
oː	oo
uː	uu
iː	ii
eː	ee

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase).
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Opened Mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have three cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Nominative	No affix skyö̯l /skyø̯l/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yø̯l Else: Suffix -en skyö̯lyö̯l /ˈskyø̯lyø̯l/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -iː Else: Suffix -e skyö̯lii /ˈskyø̯liː/ dogʼs

   

	Singular	Plural
Definite	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -ø Else: Suffix -ae̯ skyö̯lö /ˈskyø̯lø/ the dog	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æ Else: Suffix -ɑː skyö̯lä /ˈskyø̯læ/ the dogs
Indefinite	No affix skyö̯l /skyø̯l/ a dog	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -in Else: Suffix -uːrt skyö̯lin /ˈskyø̯lin/ some dogs

 

Articles

  Okkaringa encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.  

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive
1st singular	dra /drɑ/ I	sis /sis/ me	vert /ʋert/ mine
2nd singular	tu /tu/ you (masc)	rhäy̯ /rhæy̯/ you	pe /pe/ yours
3rd singular masc	kae̯ /kae̯/ he, it	ji /ji/ him, it	hie̯ /hie̯/ his, its
3rd singular fem	ort /ort/ she, it	drääsk /dræːsk/ her, it	ky /ky/ hers, its
1st plural	ai̯s /ɑi̯s/ we	hyys /hyːs/ us	rhö /rhø/ ours
2nd plural	kop /kop/ you all	jae̯ /jae̯/ you all	kin /kin/ yours (pl)
3rd plural	suo̯ /suo̯/ they	draa /drɑː/ them	mii /miː/ theirs

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	sou̯s /sou̯s/ my
2nd singular	skert /skert/ your
3rd singular masc	en /en/ his
3rd singular fem	pai̯rt /pɑi̯rt/ her
1st plural	yyn /yːn/ our
2nd plural	vi /ʋi/ your (pl)
3rd plural	toi̯t /toi̯t/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past
1st singular	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -it Else: Suffix -ɑks laakkaks /ˈlɑːkkɑks/ (I) learn	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æy̯ Else: Suffix -i laakki /ˈlɑːkki/ (I) learned
2nd singular	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æː Else: Suffix -ɑi̯ laakkai̯ /ˈlɑːkkɑi̯/ (you) learn	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -y Else: Suffix -ɑ laakka /ˈlɑːkkɑ/ (you) learned
3rd singular	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -iː Else: Suffix -ɑi̯ laakkai̯ /ˈlɑːkkɑi̯/ (he/she/it) learns	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yː Else: Suffix -iː laakkii /ˈlɑːkkiː/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -i Else: Suffix -oi̯ laakkoi̯ /ˈlɑːkkoi̯/ (we) learn	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -ysk Else: Suffix -oːl laakkool /ˈlɑːkkoːl/ (we) learned
2nd plural	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æs Else: Suffix -ou̯kk laakkou̯kk /ˈlɑːkkou̯kk/ (you all) learn	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yi̯ Else: Suffix -o laakko /ˈlɑːkko/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -esk Else: Suffix -ei̯l laakkei̯l /ˈlɑːkkei̯l/ (they) learn	If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -øs Else: Suffix -en laakken /ˈlɑːkken/ (they) learned

  Okkaringa uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: kɑː - kaa laakk /kɑː lɑːkk/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Okkaringa has a base-20 number system:   1 - pöy̯n
2 - tou̯p
3 - dreks
4 - elläy̯rt
5 - heet
6 - pii
7 - rhaa
8 - sae̯
9 - yy
10 - ai̯
11 - nääre
12 - lau̯n
13 - rhitii
14 - veksääsk
15 - rhyö̯n
16 - mirva
17 - tie̯käp
18 - vyyllep
19 - rhäi̯mpːöy̯mpiirt
20 - riiau̯
21 - pöy̯n rae̯ riiau̯ “one and twenty”
400 - dyi̯l “fourhundred”
401 - dyi̯l pöy̯n “fourhundred one”
800 - tou̯p dyi̯l “two fourhundred”
8000 - yö̯p “eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -e Else: Suffix -ɑ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -øi̯p Else: Suffix -ɑːt
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yø̯l Else: Suffix -en
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -il Else: Suffix -oi̯kk
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æy̯t Else: Suffix -oi̯n
Noun to verb = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -eː Else: Suffix -ei̯
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -e Else: Suffix -uː
Tending to = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æs Else: Suffix -ou̯sk
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -ie̯sk Else: Suffix -ou̯kk
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -ie̯kk Else: Suffix -ɑːt
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æt Else: Suffix -iːrt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yi̯ks Else: Suffix -oːl
Diminutive = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -yːp Else: Suffix -et
Augmentative = If contains {æ,æː,y,eː,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Suffix -æy̯ Else: Suffix -e