Navirdi*

LANGUAGE FAMILY: NAVIRDI   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED: “Nava's Tongue”   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "..and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: kùñs gùs zo drǔsǔn wurvu ku kùñs zo liñv riza ndez ski skǔnv   Pronunciation: kùñs gùs zo ˈdrysyn ˈwurvu ku kùñs zo liñv ˈriza ndez ski skynv   Navirdi word order: and stood his hat holding he and his wet face turned to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h k l m n ñ p r s t v w z/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n ñ
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g
Fricative		f v	s z			h
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ù y/  

	Front	Back
High	i y	u ù
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Initial — stress is on the first syllable
Word initial consonants: b, c, d, dh, dl, dr, f, fl, fr, g, gr, gw, h, hw, k, l, m, n, nd, p, r, s, sk, sp, t, th, v, vr, w, wl, z
Mid-word consonants: b, d, dh, dr, g, gh, l, ll, mdh, mpt, n, ns, nt, r, rn, rv, s, st, t, v, wls, ws, z
Word final consonants: c, dh, g, l, ll, mp, n, nk, ns, nt, nv, ñs, ñv, r, rth, s, t, th, v, w, z, zh   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• n → ∅ / _s
• w → b / i_#
• r → rː / _[+nasal]
• t → ʦ / _i
• k → g / _#

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
y	ǔ
c	chy

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Object Verb (Prepositional phrase) Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door opened with a key Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have both a plural affix and dual affix for precisely two things.

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	No affix all /all/ man	No affix ndoa /ˈndoa/ woman
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix sp- Else: Prefix spi- spall /spall/ men	Prefix ne- nendoa /ˈnendoa/ women
Dual	If starts with vowel: Prefix g- Else: Prefix gù- gall /gall/	If starts with vowel: Prefix dr- Else: Prefix dre- drendoa /ˈdrendoa/

 

Articles

 

Definite	ru /ru/ the
Indefinite	luw /luw/ a, some

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	lis /lis/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	gwo /gwo/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	ku /ku/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	ta /ta/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	hwo /hwo/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ne /ne/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	me /me/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	chyel /cel/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	ndon /ndon/ my
2nd singular	e /e/ your
3rd singular masc	zo /zo/ his
3rd singular fem	kunk /kunk/ her
1st plural	dlǔ /dly/ our
2nd plural	hwo /hwo/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	frùs /frùs/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	vrachy /vrac/ their (fem)

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past
1st singular	Prefix o- ogull /ˈogull/ (I) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix fl- Else: Prefix flu- flugull /ˈflugull/ (I) learned
2nd singular	If starts with vowel: Prefix d- Else: Prefix de- degull /ˈdegull/ (you) learn	Prefix e- egull /ˈegull/ (you) learned
3rd singular masc	Prefix wu- wugull /ˈwugull/ (he) learns	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix lu- lugull /ˈlugull/ (he) learned
3rd singular fem	Prefix u- ugull /ˈugull/ (she) learns	If starts with vowel: Prefix l- Else: Prefix li- ligull /ˈligull/ (she) learned
1st plural	Prefix dy- dǔgull /ˈdygull/ (we) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix t- Else: Prefix ta- tagull /ˈtagull/ (we) learned
2nd plural	Prefix pu- pugull /ˈpugull/ (you all) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix fr- Else: Prefix frù- frùgull /ˈfrùgull/ (you all) learned
3rd plural masc	If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix kù- kùgull /ˈkùgull/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix n- Else: Prefix ny- nǔgull /ˈnygull/ (they) learned
3rd plural fem	Prefix a- agull /ˈagull/ (they) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix c- Else: Prefix ce- chyegull /ˈcegull/ (they) learned

  Navirdi uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: o - o gull /o gull/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Navirdi has a base-10 number system:   1 - wu
2 - rǔ
3 - fǔ
4 - chyodh
5 - skǔñv
6 - zonk
7 - gu
8 - se
9 - vraz
10 - fi
11 - wu kùñs fi “one and ten”
100 - chyostadh “hundred”
101 - chyostadh wu “hundred one”
200 - rǔ chyostadh
1000 - nerth “thousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If starts with vowel: Prefix f- Else: Prefix fi-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix r- Else: Prefix ru-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix ny-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k- Else: Prefix ku-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix y-
Noun to verb = Prefix ri-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix c- Else: Prefix ce-
Tending to = Prefix dho-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Prefix e-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix di-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix th- Else: Prefix thù-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix wl- Else: Prefix wlù-
Diminutive = Prefix ta-
Augmentative = Prefix a-