Leriwend

LANGUAGE FAMILY: TYRILAN   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 2.8M / #18   SPOKEN IN: Liij - 1.8M / Uvan Empire - 600K / Oralt - 300K / Loy - 100K   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

---

  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰī kʰtʰāuwj ʧū rao ʧʰu eɫā ʧoi kʰtʰī ptūvh be bāvh   Pronunciation: ʧʰu xi kʰtʰiː kʰtʰaːuwj ʧuː rao ʧʰu ˈeɫaː ʧoi kʰtʰiː ptuːvh be baːvh     Leriwend word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b bˠ c d dʲ d̪ˠ f fʲ fˠ g h j k kʰ l lʲ m mʲ mˠ n nʲ n̪ˠ p pˠ r s sˠ t tʰ tʲ t̪ˠ v vʲ vˠ w x ŋ ɟ ɫ ɮ ɲ ɾ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ ʦ ʦʰ ʧ ʧʰ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mʲ mˠ		n̪ˠ	n nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p pˠ b bˠ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʰ t tʲ dʲ d		c ɟ	kʰ k g
Affricate				ʦ ʦʰ	ʧʰ ʧ
Fricative		f fʲ fˠ vˠ vʲ v		s sˠ	ʃ		x	h
Approximant						j
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral fricative				ɮ
Lateral approximant				lʲ l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar	Velarized alveolar
Approximant	w
Lateral approximant		ɫ

  Vowel inventory: /a ae ai ao au aː aːi aːu e eː i iː o oi ou oː u uː/   Diphthongs: ae, ai, ao, au, aːi, aːu, oi, ou  

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
High-mid	e eː	o oː
Low	a aː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bɮ, f, fh, g, j, kʰ, kʰtʰ, m, n, ntʰ, nʲ, pt, r, s, t, tʰ, x, ʃ, ʦ, ʦʰ, ʧ, ʧʰ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, g, gɫ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: N/A   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• n → ∅ / _s
• k → x / V_t
• t → ʃ / _{i,ı̃}
• u → ∅ / a_

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʋ	w
ʔ	ʻ
aː	ā
eː	ē
iː	ī
oː	ō
uː	ū

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix ais /ais/ dog (doing the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -aixh aisaixh /ˈaisaixh/ (verb done to) dog
Genitive	Suffix -aːxt aisāxt /ˈaisaːxt/ dogʼs
Dative	Suffix -aun aisaun /ˈaisaun/ to (the/a) dog

   

Singular	No affix ais /ais/ dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -s Else: Suffix -es aises /aiˈses/ dogs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	oɾ /oɾ/ the	ʧōsh /ʧoːsh/ a
Plural	toi /toi/ the	bɮau /bɮau/ some

 

Pronouns

 

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	kʰāun /kʰaːun/ I	ʃoi /ʃoi/ me	āis /aːis/ mine	ntʰu /ntʰu/ to me
2nd singular	kʰtʰou /kʰtʰou/ you (masc)	ptō /ptoː/ you	ʧʰū /ʧʰuː/ yours	ōl /oːl/ to you
3rd singular masc	xi /xi/ he, it	ā /aː/ him, it	ntʰolh /ntʰolh/ his, its	faolh /faolh/ to him, at it
3rd singular fem	sō /soː/ she, it	sau /sau/ her, it	tʰū /tʰuː/ hers, its	ʃae /ʃae/ to her, at it
1st plural	kʰtʰāish /kʰtʰaːish/ we	bau /bau/ us	ʦaoxt /ʦaoxt/ ours	sū /suː/ to us
2nd plural	kʰāush /kʰaːush/ you all	jou /jou/ you all	ou /ou/ yours (pl)	u /u/ to you all
3rd plural	kʰtʰāuwg /kʰtʰaːuwg/ they	aos /aos/ them	ōwg /oːwg/ theirs	tī /tiː/ to them

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	bau /bau/ my
2nd singular	īwg /iːwg/ your
3rd singular masc	kʰtʰī /kʰtʰiː/ his
3rd singular fem	ʧēwg /ʧeːwg/ her
1st plural	nʲād /nʲaːd/ our
2nd plural	bɮū /bɮuː/ your (pl)
3rd plural	aos /aos/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past	Remote past
1st singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -ail ʦʰiɾail /ˈʦʰiɾail/ (I) learn	Suffix -a ʦʰiɾa /ˈʦʰiɾa/ (I) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wg Else: Suffix -oiwg ʦʰiɾoiwg /ˈʦʰiɾoiwg/ (I) learned (long ago)
2nd singular	Suffix -ud ʦʰiɾud /ˈʦʰiɾud/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -vh Else: Suffix -eːvh ʦʰiɾēvh /ˈʦʰiɾeːvh/ (you) learned	Suffix -aixh ʦʰiɾaixh /ˈʦʰiɾaixh/ (you) learned (long ago)
3rd singular	Suffix -ewg ʦʰiɾewg /ˈʦʰiɾewg/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -uɾ ʦʰiɾuɾ /ˈʦʰiɾuɾ/ (he/she/it) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -dh Else: Suffix -aːdh ʦʰiɾādh /ʦʰiˈɾaːdh/ (he/she/it) learned (long ago)
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -eːwj ʦʰiɾēwj /ˈʦʰiɾeːwj/ (we) learn	Suffix -aː ʦʰiɾā /ˈʦʰiɾaː/ (we) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -sh Else: Suffix -osh ʦʰiɾosh /ˈʦʰiɾosh/ (we) learned (long ago)
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -oːlh ʦʰiɾōlh /ˈʦʰiɾoːlh/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -wj Else: Suffix -aiwj ʦʰiɾaiwj /ˈʦʰiɾaiwj/ (you all) learned	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -iːn ʦʰiɾīn /ˈʦʰiɾiːn/ (you all) learned (long ago)
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt Else: Suffix -uːxt ʦʰiɾūxt /ˈʦʰiɾuːxt/ (they) learn	Suffix -ix ʦʰiɾix /ˈʦʰiɾix/ (they) learned	Suffix -uːd ʦʰiɾūd /ˈʦʰiɾuːd/ (they) learned (long ago)

  Leriwend uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ntʰoxt - ntʰoxt ʦʰiɾ /ntʰoxt ʦʰiɾ/ will learn

  Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Leriwend uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

Suffix -ai ʦʰiɾai /ˈʦʰiɾai/ have learned

 

Numbers

  Leriwend has a base-20 number system:   1 - nī
2 - aidh
3 - gos
4 - fhāi
5 - bud
6 - ʃae
7 - ʦʰo
8 - ja
9 - nʲuɾ
10 - ʧʰā
11 - ntʰet̪ˠē
12 - ʃael
13 - īɲī
14 - māuɲae
15 - fhāunʲā
16 - gohɾˠo
17 - xeɲu
18 - ēt̪ˠoi
19 - ʧēsh
20 - ʧʰaibˠae
21 - nī ʧʰu ʧʰaibˠae “one and twenty”
400 - nī ptai “one fourhundred”
401 - nī ptai ʧʰu nī “one fourhundred and one”
800 - aidh ptai “two fourhundred”
8000 - nī ma “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -eːlh
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ai
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lh Else: Suffix -aolh
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːin
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ Else: Suffix -oiɾ
Noun to verb = Suffix -ilh
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -aːish
Tending to = Suffix -osh
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -uɾ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -aːu
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -aːish
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -uːxt
Diminutive = Suffix -ewj
Augmentative = Suffix -oi