Bonneru

LANGUAGE FAMILY: ERELIC   # SPEAKERS / WORLD RANKING: 2M / #21   SPOKEN IN: Draksineon - 2M   PERIOD OF USE:   SCRIPT USED:   PARENT LANGUAGE:  

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  "...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind..."   Translation: nin die zweeˈai ˈdillo meˈmlo die nin die jimanˈde zoeˈai nik ˈifa ˈpuchlo   Pronunciation: nin di zʋeːˈai ˈdillo məˈmlo di nin di jimɑnˈdə zuˈai nik ˈifaː ˈpʏxlo     Bonneru word order: and his hat holding stood he and his wet face to the wind turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d f j k l m n p r s t v x z ŋ ɣ ɦ ʋ/  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n		ŋ
Stop	p b		t d		k
Fricative		f v	s z		x ɣ	ɦ
Approximant		ʋ		j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Vowel inventory: /aː eː i oː u y øː œy ɑ ɑu ɔ ə ɛ ɛi ɪ ʏ/   Diphthongs: œy, ɑu, ɛi  

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y		u
Near-high	ɪ ʏ
High-mid	eː øː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	aː		ɑ

  Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, br, d, dr, j, k, kl, kr, kʋ, l, m, n, p, pl, pr, r, s, sl, sn, sp, spr, st, sx, sxr, t, tr, tʋ, v, vl, vr, z, zʋ, ɣ, ɣr, ɦ, ʋ
Mid-word consonants: b, bl, br, d, dr, f, fd, fm, fx, j, k, kt, kɦ, l, ld, lfd, lk, lp, lt, lv, lɣ, lʋ, m, mp, mpj, mt, n, nd, nk, nl, nm, nr, ns, nst, nt, ntf, ntm, ntr, ntsn, ntʋ, nv, nz, nɣ, nɦ, nʋ, p, pk, pl, pn, pt, px, r, rb, rbr, rd, rdʋ, rk, rkt, rl, rm, rn, rs, rst, rsx, rsxr, rt, rtn, rtr, rv, rz, rɣ, rɦ, s, sj, sl, spr, st, sx, sxr, t, tf, tj, tk, tr, ts, tst, tz, v, vr, x, xt, xtx, z, ŋ, ŋk, ŋr, ɣ, ɣr, ɦ, ʋ
Word final consonants: f, ft, k, kt, l, lf, ls, lt, m, n, ns, nt, p, r, rs, rt, rxt, s, st, t, x, xt, ŋ, ŋkt   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• l → n / #_VN
• d → l / #_
• n → ∅ / _s
• k → ∅ / V_V

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
sx	sch
x	ch
ʋ	w
p	b / _#
t	d / _#
d	t / C_#
x	g
ɣ	g
ɦ	h
ŋk	ng
ŋ	ng
yu	uw
u	oe / !_w
ɑoe	ou
ʏ	u
eː	ee
aː	a
ɑ	a
oː	o
ɛ	e
ɔ	o
ɪ	i
i	ie / C_#
ɛi	ij / _#
ɛi	ei
œy	ui
ʏ	u
y	u
øː	eu
ə	e

 

Grammar

  Main word order: Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb Subject.
"Mary opened the door with a key" turns into The door with a key opened Mary.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions  

Nouns

 

	Singular	Plural
Masculine	If ends with vowel: Suffix -p Else: Suffix -up nikaˈsoeb /nikaˈsup/ man	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɑn nikaˈsan /nikaˈsɑn/ men
Feminine	Suffix -i ˌirchtaˈii /ˌirxtaˈii/ woman	Suffix -ɪk ˌirchtaˈiik /ˌirxtaˈiɪk/ women
Neuter	Suffix -aː nirchˈtasa /nirxˈtasaː/ doɡ	Suffix -oː nirchˈtaso /nirxˈtasoː/ doɡs

 

Articles

 

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	lurt /lyrt/ the	soek /suk/ a
Plural	ta /taː/ the	pem /pəm/ some

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	rie /ri/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	voem /vum/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	die /di/ he, him, his
3rd singular fem	trob /trɔp/ she, her, hers
3rd singular neut	mon /mɔn/ it, its
1st plural inclusive	mem /mɛm/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	louft /lɑuft/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	kee /keː/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural masc	pe /pə/ they (masc), them (masc), theirs (masc)
3rd plural fem	scha /sxaː/ they (fem), them (fem), theirs (fem)
3rd plural neut	tek /tək/ they (neut), them (neut), theirs (neut)

 

Possessive determiners

 

1st singular	rie /ri/ my
2nd singular	voem /vum/ your
3rd singular masc	die /di/ his
3rd singular fem	trob /trɔp/ her
3rd singular neut	mon /mɔn/ its
1st plural inclusive	mem /mɛm/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	louft /lɑuft/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	kee /keː/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	pe /pə/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	scha /sxaː/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	tek /tək/ their (neut)

 

Verbs

 

Present	No affix ˈaslo /ˈaːslo/ learn
Past	Suffix -ik aˈsloik /aːˈsloik/ learned
Remote past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɪn ˈaslon /ˈaːslon/ learned (lonɡ aɡo)
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -əm aˈslom /aːˈslom/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Bonneru has a base-20 number system:   1 - goe
2 - pen
3 - ke
4 - tom
5 - im
6 - meeng
7 - lub
8 - oeˈnir
9 - bum
10 - jem
11 - ˈsoei
12 - ˈmui
13 - kol
14 - koefˈchil
15 - moerˈmib
16 - ung
17 - ponˈze
18 - oeng
19 - ˈmioe
20 - ˈmowe
21 - goe nin moˈwe “one and twenty”
400 - goe koˈsoe “one fourhundred”
401 - goe ˈkosoe goe “one fourhundred one”
800 - pen ˈkosoe “two fourhundred”
8000 - goe me “one eightthousand”  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -im
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -əm
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ʏn
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ym
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt Else: Suffix -ɔxt
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -oːn
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ʏm
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt Else: Suffix -ɛnt
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -i
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -oːm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -aːn
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -aː
Diminutive = Suffix -ɔm
Augmentative = Suffix -u