Natuy

Consonant inventory: / b bj bl bʁ d dw dɥ dʁ dʁw f fw fʁ g gz gʁ j k kn ksj kspl kt ktɥ kw kʁ kʁw l lj lk lm lw lɥ lʒ m mj mw n p pl pt pw pɥ pʁ s sj st stj sw sɥ sʁ t tfw ts tɥ tʁ tʁw v vj vw vʁ z zj ɲ ʁ ʁfw ʁj ʁm ʁnj ʁs ʁsk ʁt ʁv ʁʃ ʃ ʃw ʒ ʒɥ/     ↓Manner/Place→ Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Stop p b t d k g Nasal m n ɲ Affricate ts Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ʁ Approximant j Lateral approximant l Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y ø œ œ̃ ɑ ɑ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ə ɛ ɛ̃/   Diphthongs: None ?   Syllable structure: Custom defined ? Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ? Word initial consonants: b, bj, bʁ, d, dw, dʁw, f, fw, fʁ, g, gʁ, k, kw, kʁ, kʁw, l, lj, lw, lɥ, m, mj, mw, n, p, pl, pw, pɥ, pʁ, s, sw, sɥ, sʁ, t, tʁ, tʁw, v, vj, vw, vʁ, ʁ, ʁj, ʃ, ʃw, ʒ, ʒɥ Mid-word consonants: b, bl, d, dɥ, f, g, gz, gʁ, j, k, kn, ksj, kspl, kt, ktɥ, l, lj, lm, lɥ, lʒ, m, mj, n, p, pt, pɥ, s, sj, stj, sɥ, t, tfw, tɥ, v, vj, vw, vʁ, z, zj, ʁ, ʁfw, ʁj, ʁnj, ʁs, ʁt, ʁv, ʁʃ, ʃ, ʒ Word final consonants: bl, bʁ, d, dʁ, fʁ, j, k, l, lk, lʒ, m, n, p, pl, pʁ, s, st, t, ts, tʁ, v, vʁ, z, ɲ, ʁ, ʁm, ʁs, ʁsk, ʁt, ʁʃ, ʒ Phonological rules (in order of application): ? Guide to phonological rules: e → i / _g means ‘e’ turns into ‘i’ before a ‘g’. C = consonant, V = vowel, S = stop, N = nasal consonant, F = fricative, K = velar, L = lateral, R = resonant/sonorant, P = labial/bilabial E = front vowel, B = back vowel, # = word boundary, Ø = null/nothing   i → e / _m

Noun morphology ? Singular Plural Nominative man bu /bø/ men Prefix: s(e)- /s(ɛ)-/ sebu /sɛˈbø/ Accusative man Prefix: b(u)- /b(y)-/ bubu /byˈbø/ men Prefix: f(u)- /f(y)-/ fubu /fyˈbø/ Definite article ? Singular Plural Nominative the [man] o /ɔ/ the [men] œk /œk/ Accusative the [man] œt /œt/ the [men] at /at/ Uses of definite article that differ from English:   • Definite article can be omitted  Example: ‘I am going to jacuzzi’ • Used with place names: ‘The London’   Indefinite article ? Singular Plural Nominative a [man] to /tɔ/ some [men] vror /vʁɔʁ/ Accusative a [man] gor /gɔʁ/ some [men] gaz /gaz/   Derivational morphology Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/ Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/ Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/ Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/ Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/ One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/ Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/ Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/ Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/

Grammar Main word order: Subject-Verb-Object-Oblique. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun. Adposition: prepositions ?

Personal pronouns Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative 1st.sg I dwo /dwɔ/ me dwo /dwɔ/ mine us dwo /us dwɔ/ to me us dwo /øs dwɔ/ 2nd.sg you ik /ik/ you if /if/ yours us ik /us ik/ to you us ik /øs ik/ 3rd.sg he/she/it zhor /ʒoʁ/ him/her/it zhur /ʒuʁ/ his/hers/its us zhor /us ʒoʁ/ to him/her/it us zhor /øs ʒoʁ/ 1st.pl we a /a/ us a /a/ ours us a /us a/ to us us a /øs a/ 2nd.pl you so /sɔ/ you sä /sɑ/ yours us so /us sɔ/ to you us so /øs sɔ/ 3rd.pl they mo /mɔ/ them motr /mɔtʁ/ theirs us mo /us mɔ/ to them us mo /øs mɔ/ Verbs Indicative mood Past Present Future Perfective studied study will study 1st.sg Prefix: pu- /py-/ puä̃rupr /pyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: s(õ)- /s(ɔ̃)-/ sä̃rupr /sɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 2nd.sg Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: u- /u-/ uä̃rupr /uˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/ oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 3rd.sg Prefix: l(o)- /l(ɔ)-/ lä̃rupr /lɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: pl(œ)- /pl(œ)-/ plä̃rupr /plɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: lœ- /lœ-/ lœä̃rupr /lœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 1st.pl Prefix: vu- /vy-/ vuä̃rupr /vyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(œ)- /p(œ)-/ pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/ oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 2nd.pl Prefix: dœ- /dœ-/ dœä̃rupr /dœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(å)- /p(ə)-/ pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /o-/ oä̃rupr /oˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 3rd.pl Prefix: v(o)- /v(o)-/ vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: å- /ə-/ åä̃rupr /əˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: v(œ̃)- /v(œ̃)-/ vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Perfect aspect ‘have studied’   Uses the word for ‘finish’ before main verb.   Progressive aspect ‘am studying’   Uses the particle suzh /søʒ/ before main verb.   Imperative ‘study!’ (as a command)   First person: Prefix: u- /u-/   Second person: Prefix: g(ä)- /g(ɑ)-/ Negation Uses the auxiliary verb uy /yj/ before main verb. ‘Auxiliary’ meaning that this verb is conjugated (e.g. tense) while the main verb is not.   Derivational morphology Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/ Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/ Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/ Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/ Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/ One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/ Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/ Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/ Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/

Personal pronouns Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative 1st.sg I dwo /dwɔ/ me dwo /dwɔ/ mine us dwo /us dwɔ/ to me us dwo /øs dwɔ/ 2nd.sg you ik /ik/ you if /if/ yours us ik /us ik/ to you us ik /øs ik/ 3rd.sg he/she/it zhor /ʒoʁ/ him/her/it zhur /ʒuʁ/ his/hers/its us zhor /us ʒoʁ/ to him/her/it us zhor /øs ʒoʁ/ 1st.pl we a /a/ us a /a/ ours us a /us a/ to us us a /øs a/ 2nd.pl you so /sɔ/ you sä /sɑ/ yours us so /us sɔ/ to you us so /øs sɔ/ 3rd.pl they mo /mɔ/ them motr /mɔtʁ/ theirs us mo /us mɔ/ to them us mo /øs mɔ/ Verbs Indicative mood Past Present Future Perfective studied study will study 1st.sg Prefix: pu- /py-/ puä̃rupr /pyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: s(õ)- /s(ɔ̃)-/ sä̃rupr /sɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 2nd.sg Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ ää̃rupr /ɑˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: u- /u-/ uä̃rupr /uˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/ oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 3rd.sg Prefix: l(o)- /l(ɔ)-/ lä̃rupr /lɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: pl(œ)- /pl(œ)-/ plä̃rupr /plɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: lœ- /lœ-/ lœä̃rupr /lœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 1st.pl Prefix: vu- /vy-/ vuä̃rupr /vyˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(œ)- /p(œ)-/ pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /ɔ-/ oä̃rupr /ɔˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 2nd.pl Prefix: dœ- /dœ-/ dœä̃rupr /dœˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: p(å)- /p(ə)-/ pä̃rupr /pɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: o- /o-/ oä̃rupr /oˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ 3rd.pl Prefix: v(o)- /v(o)-/ vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Prefix: å- /ə-/ åä̃rupr /əˈɑ̃ʁypʁ/ Prefix: v(œ̃)- /v(œ̃)-/ vä̃rupr /vɑ̃ˈʁypʁ/ Perfect aspect ‘have studied’   Uses the word for ‘finish’ before main verb.   Progressive aspect ‘am studying’   Uses the particle suzh /søʒ/ before main verb.   Imperative ‘study!’ (as a command)   First person: Prefix: u- /u-/   Second person: Prefix: g(ä)- /g(ɑ)-/ Negation Uses the auxiliary verb uy /yj/ before main verb. ‘Auxiliary’ meaning that this verb is conjugated (e.g. tense) while the main verb is not.   Derivational morphology Noun → adjective: Prefix: sw(e)- /sw(ɛ)-/ Adjective → noun: Prefix: ä- /ɑ-/ Noun → verb: Prefix: o- /o-/ Verb → noun: Prefix: å- /ə-/ Verb → adjective: Prefix: u- /ø-/ Adjective → adverb: Prefix: l(u)- /l(y)-/ One who Xs (e.g. paint → painter): Prefix: fwi- /fwi-/ Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Prefix: u- /ø-/ Diminutive: Prefix: f(å)- /f(ə)-/ Augmentative: Prefix: gri- /gʁi-/