Old Mangito

Natively known as: Manqito /manˈɢito/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind... tm ikh uh nltn y̌re mekh tm uh wow hiiln bey̌ bkhqy̌ hoy Pronunciation: /tm iχ yh nltn ʎɾe meχ tm yh wɑw hiˈiln beʎ bχɢʎ hɑj/ Old Mangito word order: and he hat his holding stood and his face wet the wind to turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /b d h j l m n t w ɢ ɾ ʎ χ/   One should not that the consonant symbols are merely a convenient transcription of the actual consonents, which are tonal in nature.

	Length	Half	Whole
Pitch
E		ʎ	j
D		w	h
C		t	d
B		n	ɾ
A			l
G		b	m
F		ɢ	χ

Vowel inventory: /a e i y æ ɑ/

	Front	Back
High	i y
High-mid	e
Near-low	æ
Low	a	ɑ

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable
  Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• ʎ → t / _j
• w → ʎ / _h
• t → w / _d
• n → t / _ɾ
• b → n / _m
• ɢ → b / _χ

  Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
y	u
ɑ	o
j	y

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Object (Prepositional phrase) Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary the door with a key opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have six cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.
• Locative is the location of something: man goes to town.
• Ablative is movement away from something: man walks from town.

  Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: ɾj - ry khuy /ɾj χyj/ dogs

 

Definite

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	No affix ham /ham/ the man (when doing the verb)	No affix teb /teb/ the woman (when doing the verb)	Prefix ɾæ-
Accusative	Suffix -ad hamad /haˈmad/ (verb done to) the man	Prefix ne- neteb /neˈteb/ (verb done to) the woman	Prefix wa-
Genitive	Suffix -il hamil /haˈmil/ the manʼs	Suffix -enm tebenm /teˈbenm/ the womanʼs	Suffix -yw
Dative	Prefix ʎi- y̌iham /ʎiˈham/ to the man	Suffix -atm tebatm /teˈbatm/ to the woman	Suffix -ɑj
Locative	Prefix ta- taham /taˈham/ near/at/by the man	Suffix -ed tebed /teˈbed/ near/at/by the woman	Suffix -ɑb
Ablative	Prefix ɾi- riham /ɾiˈham/ from the man	Prefix wæ- wæteb /wæˈteb/ from the woman	Suffix -ɑth

 

Indefinite

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	Suffix -an haman /haˈman/ a man (when doing the verb)	Suffix -ah tebah /teˈbah/ a woman (when doing the verb)	Suffix -æɢ
Accusative	Suffix -aw hamaw /haˈmaw/ (verb done to) a man	Prefix bɑ- boteb /bɑˈteb/ (verb done to) a woman	Prefix le-
Genitive	Prefix wɑ- woham /wɑˈham/ a manʼs	Suffix -ɑbd tebobd /teˈbɑbd/ a womanʼs	Suffix -æʎ
Dative	Suffix -yɢ hamuq /haˈmyɢ/ to a man	Prefix la- lateb /laˈteb/ to a woman	Suffix -am
Locative	Suffix -æχ hamækh /haˈmæχ/ near/at/by a man	Suffix -æɢ tebæq /teˈbæɢ/ near/at/by a woman	Suffix -aɢ
Ablative	Prefix ʎy- y̌uham /ʎyˈham/ from a man	Suffix -ɑwj tebowy /teˈbɑwj/ from a woman	Prefix χæ-

 

Articles

  Old Mangito encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.  

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Locative	Ablative
1st singular	o /ɑ/ I	id /id/ me	eh /eh/ mine	oy /ɑj/ to me	ul /yl/ at me	ekh /eχ/ from me
2nd singular	ær /æɾ/ you (masc)	æd /æd/ you	æ /æ/ yours	im /im/ to you	em /em/ at you	æl /æl/ from you
3rd singular masc	ikh /iχ/ he, it	a /a/ him, it	uh /yh/ his, its	æm /æm/ to him, at it	iy /ij/ at him, at it	ur /yɾ/ from him, from it
3rd singular fem	om /ɑm/ she, it	ud /yd/ her, it	ih /ih/ hers, its	ir /iɾ/ to her, at it	il /il/ at her, at it	od /ɑd/ from her, from it
1st plural	e /e/ we	ed /ed/ us	ay /aj/ ours	ah /ah/ to us	ol /ɑl/ at us	ukh /yχ/ from us
2nd plural	am /am/ you all	i /i/ you all	al /al/ yours (pl)	akh /aχ/ to you all	æh /æh/ at you all	or /ɑɾ/ from you all
3rd plural masc	u /y/ they (masc)	er /eɾ/ them (masc)	ækh /æχ/ theirs (masc)	ad /ad/ to them (masc)	el /el/ at them (masc)	æy /æj/ from them (masc)
3rd plural fem	ey /ej/ they (fem)	ar /aɾ/ them (fem)	oh /ɑh/ theirs (fem)	uy /yj/ to them (fem)	okh /ɑχ/ at them (fem)	um /ym/ from them (fem)

 

Possessive determiners

1st singular	eh /eh/ my
2nd singular	æ /æ/ your
3rd singular masc	uh /yh/ his
3rd singular fem	ih /ih/ her
1st plural	ay /aj/ our
2nd plural	al /al/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ækh /æχ/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	oh /ɑh/ their (fem)

 

Verbs

 

Present

	Masculine	Feminine
1st person	Suffix -eʎ y̌kheey̌ /ʎχeˈeʎ/	Suffix -anχ y̌kheankh /ʎχeˈanχ/
2nd person	Suffix -ih y̌kheih /ʎχeˈih/	Prefix ʎɑ- y̌oy̌khe /ʎɑʎˈχe/
3rd person	Suffix -id y̌kheid /ʎχeˈid/	Prefix χe- khey̌khe /χeʎˈχe/

 

Past

	Masculine	Feminine
1st person	Prefix ti- tiy̌khe /tiʎˈχe/	Suffix -ɑj y̌kheoy /ʎχeˈɑj/
2nd person	Suffix -ɑʎ y̌kheoy̌ /ʎχeˈɑʎ/	Prefix ɢɑ- qoy̌khe /ɢɑʎˈχe/
3rd person	Suffix -æʎ y̌kheæy̌ /ʎχeˈæʎ/	Prefix ɢe- qey̌khe /ɢeʎˈχe/

 

Future

	Masculine	Feminine
1st person	Prefix ji- yiy̌khe /jiʎˈχe/	Suffix -ab y̌kheab /ʎχeˈab/
2nd person	Suffix -eh y̌kheeh /ʎχeˈeh/	Suffix -em y̌kheem /ʎχeˈem/
3rd person	Prefix by- buy̌khe /byʎˈχe/	Prefix ʎe- y̌ey̌khe /ʎeʎˈχe/

Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Old Mangito uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

Suffix -iw y̌kheiw /ʎχeˈiw/ learns/is learning

Perfect aspect   The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.   Old Mangito uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect

Suffix -aɢ y̌kheaq /ʎχeˈaɢ/ have learned

 

Numbers

  Old Mangito has a base-20 number system:   1 - ba
2 - wkh
3 - ty̌nm
4 - wra
5 - y̌in
6 - bew
7 - khih
8 - bdu
9 - bde
10 - th
11 - wmnt
12 - ttnl
13 - wmwy̌
14 - y̌htw
15 - y̌dby̌
16 - wny̌kh
17 - trnt
18 - trqw
19 - nkhtt
20 - nwwkh
21 - ba tm nwwkh “one and twenty”
400 - y̌ntm “fourhundred”
401 - y̌ntm tm ba “fourhundred and one”
800 - wkh y̌ntm “two fourhundred”
8000 - baw “eightthousand”
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -aw
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -eɾ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix hy-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix hi-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix da-
Noun to verb = Suffix -et
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɑb
Tending to = Prefix la-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -ym
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix da-, Prefix ni-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -lɑb
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Suffix -æb
Diminutive = Prefix dæ-
Augmentative = Prefix wi-