Neo English
ENGLISH
The English language is an Indo-European language in the West Germanic language group. Modern English is widely considered to be the lingua franca of the world and is the standard language in a wide variety of fields, including computer coding, international business, and higher education. It has 25 letters and roughly a million different words. It does not use tones for different words, however words may change how letters sound.
NEO ENGLISH
Neo English is an updated variant of normal english with an extra letter form: Alternate. For example, Ⓐ would be a low pitched "Oi".
Writing System
The English writing system is based on the Latin alphabet, which is also known as the Roman alphabet. The English alphabet has 26 letters, each with uppercase and lowercase forms. The writing system also includes punctuation marks and other symbols, such as numerals.
- Orthography
The rules and conventions for writing, including spelling. For example, English orthography includes uppercase and lowercase forms for the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet. Neo English adds onto that with an alternate version of each letter. For example, the alternate uppercase A is Ⓐ , and the alternate lowercase A is ⓐ. These are pronounced as a sharp "Oi" for the lowercase A and a lower "Oi" for the uppercase A.
- Script
The set of characters used by a writing system. English uses a single script, the Latin script.
- Letter shapes
English uses four distinct forms for each letter: upper case printed, lower case printed, upper case cursive, and lower case cursive. Neo English does not change these.
- Letter motions
In most English variants, the motions for forming letters are based on working from left to right.
- Spelling
English spelling reflects the language as it was four centuries ago when standardization began. For example, heir and air are pronounced identically in most dialects, but spelled differently.
Phonology
Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a largely similar (but not identical) phonological system. Among other things, most dialects have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants (stops, affricates, and fricatives).
Morphology
English morphology is the study of how words are structured and how their parts, called morphemes, combine to create new words or meanings:
- Morphemes: The smallest meaningful units in a word. For example, "cookie" and the suffix "-s" combine to form the new word "cookies".
- Lexemes: The minimal word unit that has content meaning in itself. Lexemes are the basis of dictionary entries.
- Morphological awareness: The ability to recognize morphemes in words.
Morphology is a core part of linguistics and is related to lexicology, the study of words and their meanings, and etymology, the study of how words originate and evolve.
Syntax
- Subject-verb-object
The most common syntax in modern English, where the subject comes first, then the verb, and finally the object. For example, "The child kicked the ball".
- Word order
The order of words in a sentence is important, and changing the order can change the meaning. For example, "The girl loves the boy" has the subject first, and the object after the verb.
- Well-formed sequences
Some sequences of words are not well-formed. For example, "cat the mat on" is not well-formed.
- Subject-verb disagreement
An incorrect example is "The group of students is", while the correct example is "The group of students are".
- Misplaced modifiers
An incorrect example is "Running through the park, John's dog chased a ball", while the correct example is "John's dog chased a ball while running through the park".
Vocabulary
Over a million different words.
Phonetics
NATO Phonetic alphabet:
Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu.
Tenses
BASIC TENSES:
| Tense | Formation | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Verb in base form (with -s/-es for third person) | I play tennis. / She plays the piano. |
| Present Continuous | Verb “to be” (am, is, are) + verb with ending -ing | I am studying English. / She is reading a book. / They are watching a movie. |
| Present Perfect | Verb “to have” (have/has) + verb in third form | I have seen that movie. / She has never eaten sushi. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Verb “to have” (have/has) + been + verb with ending -ing | They have been waiting. / She has been working. |
| Past Simple | Verb + -ed (or special forms for irregular verbs) | I walked. / He visited London last summer. / She played tennis yesterday. |
| Past Continuous | Verb “to be” (was, were) + verb with -ing ending | I was reading a book when the phone rang. / They were watching TV when I arrived. |
| Past Perfect | Verb “to have” (had) + verb in third form | I had already eaten when you called. / By that time, they had finished their work. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Verb “to have” (had) + been + verb with -ing ending | They had been waiting for hours when the concert finally started. / She had been studying for hours before she took a break. |
| Future Simple | Modal verb “will” + verb in base form | I will call you tomorrow. / They will travel to Italy next summer. |
| Future Continuous | Modal verb “will be” + verb with ending -ing | At this time tomorrow, I will be flying to New York. / They will be playing tennis when you arrive. / She will be cooking dinner at 7 PM. |
| Future Perfect | Modal verb “will have” + verb in third form | By next year, I will have learned French. / They will have finished their project by the end of the week. |
| Future Perfect Continuous | Will + have + been + verb with ending -ing | She will have been studying. / They will have been waiting for three hours by the time the show begins. |
Sentence Structure
English sentence structure is the way words are arranged to create a sentence that expresses a complete thought. The most basic sentence structure is a simple sentence, which consists of a single independent clause. The standard word order for an English sentence is subject + verb + object.
Here are some types of sentence structures:
- Simple sentence
A sentence with one independent clause. For example, "The man went to the store".
- Compound sentence
A sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon. For example, "I like coffee and Mary likes tea".
- Complex sentence
A sentence with at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. For example, "When an atom is split, it releases neutrons".
Adjective Order
The order of adjectives in English is generally:
- Determiner: Always comes first
- Opinion: For example, "silly," "smart," or "pretty"
- Size: For example, "small," "huge," or "tall"
- Age or shape: For example, "old," "round," or "young"
- Color: For example, "scarlet," "purplish," or "graying"
- Origin or religion: For example, "Polish," "animist," or "Southern"
- Material: For example, "pearl," "iron," or "nylon"
- Type: For example, "electric," "two-sided," or "pick-up"
- Purpose: For example, "welding," "polishing," or "sports"
This pattern is often called DOSA-SCOMP. For example, "My favorite big old square white French cotton gardening hat".
Here are some other things to know about adjective order:
- When adjectives are in the same category, separate them with commas. For example, "A beautiful, mysterious song".
- When adjectives are from different categories, do not separate them with commas. For example, "She has a big green garden out back".
- The closer an adjective is to its noun, the more important it is to the noun's description. For example, "brick house" is more specific than "old house" or "beautiful house".
Structural Markers
Discourse markers include such elements as:
and, or, but, also, even, because, however, indeed, in addition, Allegedly, frankly, stupidly, cleverly, on the one hand…on the other hand, by the way, then, so, well, you see?, right?, etc.
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