Lirena

• Lirena is spoken primarily in a temperate region characterized by mountains (meka), forests (vata), and rivers (sira)
• Likely used by a community with close ties to nature and elemental forces (sun, fire, water)
• Spread across several villages and towns, with dialectal variations possible but not detailed here
• Used in both everyday communication and cultural rituals involving natural elements

Syllable count: Words typically have 1 to 3 syllables.

Consonant inventory: p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ng, f, v, s, z, sh, h, l, r, w, y, th

Vowel inventory: a, e, i, o, u

Syllable structure: (C)V(C)

Each syllable consists of an optional single consonant onset, a vowel nucleus, and an optional single consonant coda.

No consonant clusters are allowed either at the beginning (onset) or end (coda) of syllables.

Examples: Líre-na, Pá-gon (stress marked by acute accent for clarity)

Tense Particles

Tense particles precede the verb to indicate the time frame of the action:

• pa /pa/ = past tense
  Example: pa rotha = "ate" (past tense of "to eat")
• fa /fa/ = future tense
  Example: fa rotha = "will eat" (future tense of "to eat")

Negation and Affirmation Particles

These particles precede the verb to indicate negation or affirmation:

• nay = negation (marks that the action or state is not true)
• ay = affirmation (marks that the action or state is true)

Question Particle

• ka /ka/ = placed at the end of the sentence to indicate a question

Noun and Verb Formation

• Plural nouns: formed by adding the suffix -n to the noun
  Example: lira → liran
• Noun to verb: add the suffix -a
  Example: roth (noun) → rotha (verb)
• Adjective to noun: add the prefix en- to the adjective root
  Example: nare (bad) → en-nare (badness / evil one)
  The resulting noun can denote either:
  a) the abstract quality expressed by the adjective, or
  b) a concrete entity characterized by that quality (e.g., a person or thing embodying the adjective)

Pronouns

Pronouns inflect for case, possession, reflexivity, and number.

Formation Rules:

• Object pronouns modify the subject pronoun (e.g., ve → vel).
• Possessive adjectives add -s to the subject pronoun (e.g., ve → ves).
• Possessive pronouns add -ra to the possessive adjective (e.g., ves → vesra).
• Reflexive pronouns add -ryl to the object pronoun (e.g., vel → vesryl).
• Plural forms add -n to singular pronouns or after possessive/reflexive suffixes (e.g., ve → ven, vesra → vesra-n).

• The basic word order is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO).
• Tense and negation/affirmation particles always precede the verb.
• The question particle ka is placed at the end of the sentence to form questions.

Pronoun Usage

• Subject pronouns appear before the verb:
  Ve rotha lira. (I eat bread.)
• Object pronouns follow the verb as the object:
  Ya rotha vel. (He eats me.)
• Possessive adjectives precede nouns:
  Ves lira (my bread)
• Possessive pronouns stand alone to indicate possession:
  Lira es vesra. (The bread is mine.)
• Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object are the same:
  Ve rotha vesryl. (I eat myself.)
• Plural pronouns correspond with plural nouns and verbs as needed.

Vocabulary (Sample)

luma /ˈlu.ma/ = sun

sira /ˈsi.ra/ = water

meka /ˈme.ka/ = mountain

vata /ˈva.ta/ = tree

nelo /ˈne.lo/ = house

risa /ˈri.sa/ = person

fano /ˈfa.no/ = fire

Verbs:

gon /gon/ = go

len /len/ = see

tar /tar/ = speak

vak /vak/ = eat

mir /mir/ = sleep

san /san/ = know

pul /pul/ = run

Adjectives:

lira /ˈli.ra/ = big

sena /ˈse.na/ = small

vilo /ˈvi.lo/ = good

dara /ˈda.ra/ = bad

mira /ˈmi.ra/ = bright

fesa /ˈfe.sa/ = dark

Adverbs:

lupa /ˈlu.pa/ = quickly

mala /ˈma.la/ = slowly

Time/place words:

nala /ˈna.la/ = now

pala /ˈpa.la/ = then

sawa /ˈsa.wa/ = here

vuna /ˈvu.na/ = there

Consonants:

 /p/ voiceless bilabial plosive (as in English "pat")

/b/ voiced bilabial plosive (as in "bat")

/t/ voiceless alveolar plosive (as in "top")

/d/ voiced alveolar plosive (as in "dog")

/k/ voiceless velar plosive (as in "kite")

/g/ voiced velar plosive (as in "go")

/m/ bilabial nasal (as in "man")

/n/ alveolar nasal (as in "no")

/ŋ/ velar nasal (as in "sing")

/f/ voiceless labiodental fricative (as in "fan")

/v/ voiced labiodental fricative (as in "van")

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative (as in "see")

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative (as in "zoo")

/ʃ/ voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in "ship")

/h/ voiceless glottal fricative (as in "hat")

/l/ alveolar lateral approximant (as in "lip")

/r/ alveolar tap or trill (similar to Spanish "r" in "pero")

/w/ voiced labio-velar approximant (as in "win")

/j/ voiced palatal approximant (as in "yes")

/θ/ voiceless dental fricative (as in "think") — represented by "th"

Vowels:

 /a/ open front unrounded vowel (as in "father")

/e/ close-mid front unrounded vowel (as in "they")

/i/ close front unrounded vowel (as in "see")

/o/ close-mid back rounded vowel (as in "go")

/u/ close back rounded vowel (as in "food")

Special sounds:

 ay or ai is pronounced /aj/, a diphthong combining /a/ and /j/ (like English "eye")

Tenses

Marked by particles before verbs:

Past: pa

Present: na

Future: fa

Negation: ay before verb

Affimation: nay before verb

Questions: ka at sentence end

Sentences follow the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) pattern. Particles indicating tense (pa, na, fa) and negation (ay) come before the verb. Questions are marked by adding ka at the sentence’s end. First-person singular subjects ("I") are understood from context rather than stated explicitly.

Adjectives follow nouns Multiple adjectives follow the noun in sequence.

• risa lira = big person
• sia red = "red market" (market that is red)

The structural markers are. . .

pa        Past tense        before verb

na        Present tense   before verb

fa         Future tense    before verb

nay        Negation         before tense/verb

ay Affimation before tense/verb

ka        Question particle         sentence end