Natively known as: Vinke /ˈvinke/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ren bi veoq rem a oqas ren suwa a iqponab pil zapalion zeablar
Pronunciation: /ren bi ˈveoq rem a ˈoqas ren ˈsuwa a ˈiqponab pil zaˌpaliˈon zeˈablar/
Vinken word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: /b c d f g h k l m n p r s t w/
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Nasal |
m |
|
n |
|
|
|
| Stop |
p b |
|
t d |
c |
k g |
|
| Fricative |
|
f |
s |
|
|
h |
| Trill |
|
|
r |
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
l |
|
|
|
Co-articulated phonemes
| ↓Manner/Place→ |
Labial-velar |
| Approximant |
w |
Vowel inventory: /a e i o u y/
|
Front |
Back |
| High |
i y |
u |
| High-mid |
e |
o |
| Low |
a |
|
Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: f, g, gn, l, lg, n, ph, r, sm, ss, t, tst, tt, w
Mid-word consonants: d, f, gm, h, l, ld, llh, m, n, nb, nbr, nd, ng, nh, nn, nst, nt, r, rb, rn, s, sh, sst, tr
Word final consonants: ch, ck, dt, f, g, k, l, ld, ll, lph, lt, m, n, nd, ph, r, rd, rf, s
Phonological changes (in order of application):
- n → t / #_
- we → o / #_
- i → ə / _#
- i → ɪ / _CC
- e → i / #[+nasal]_C
- k → ʦ / _i
Spelling rules:
Grammar
Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into
Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions
Nouns
| Singular |
No affix
salsopal /ˈsalsopal/
dog |
| Plural |
Prefix wo-
wosalsopal /ˈwosalˌsopal/
dogs |
Articles
| Definite |
og /og/
the |
| Indefinite |
qi /qi/
a, some |
Pronouns
|
Nominative |
Accusative |
| 1st singular |
e /e/
I |
kal /kal/
me |
| 2nd singular |
ba /ba/
you (masc) |
pon /pon/
you |
| 3rd singular masc |
bi /bi/
he, it |
ag /ag/
him, it |
| 3rd singular fem |
i /i/
she, it |
ren /ren/
her, it |
| 1st plural |
pul /pul/
we |
ep /ep/
us |
| 2nd plural |
os /os/
you all |
up /up/
you all |
| 3rd plural |
a /a/
they |
iv /iv/
them |
Possessive determiners
| 1st singular |
po /po/
my |
| 2nd singular |
er /er/
your |
| 3rd singular masc |
a /a/
his |
| 3rd singular fem |
i /i/
her |
| 1st plural |
pu /pu/
our |
| 2nd plural |
vi /vi/
your (pl) |
| 3rd plural |
ur /ur/
their |
Verbs
| Present |
No affix
urkal /ˈurkal/
learn |
| Past |
Prefix qi-
qiurkal /ˈqiurkal/
learned |
| Remote past |
Prefix bi-
biurkal /biˈurkal/
learned (long ago) |
| Future |
Prefix va-
vaurkal /vaˈurkal/
will learn |
Progressive aspect
The ‘progressive’ aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as
I am learning.
Vinken uses an affix for progressive:
| Progressive |
Prefix bo-
bourkal /boˈurkal/
is learning |
Habitual aspect
The ‘habitual’ aspect refers to actions that happen habitually, such as
I learn (something new every day), as opposed to actions that happen once (
I learned something).
Vinken uses a standalone particle word for habitual:
| Habitual |
Particle before the verb: zapamlar -
zapamlar urkal /zaˈpamlar ˈurkal/
learns |
Perfect aspect
The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Vinken uses an affix for the perfect aspect:
| Perfect |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -o
urkalo /urˈkalo/
have learned |
Numbers
Vinken has a base-10 number system:
1 - zokimion
2 - giuq
3 - kaobpo
4 - zubimion
5 - zivinmel
6 - qalpu
7 - relqa
8 - og
9 - ziremel
10 - pukal
11 - pukal ren zokimion “ten and one”
100 - zokimion gomkal “one hundred”
101 - zokimion gomkal ren zokimion “one hundred and one”
200 - giuq gomkal
1000 - zokimion kamwubon “one thousand”
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Prefix wo-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Prefix ke-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Prefix wa-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -or
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix ba-
Noun to verb = Suffix -es
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -v
Else: Suffix -i
Tending to = Suffix -ib
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -i
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -a
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -eb
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -i
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -b
Else: Suffix -i
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -o
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