Čašek (Cha-shek)

Aa - /a/ (as in "apple")   Áá - /ɒ/ (as in "octagon")   Ąą - /jæ/ (as in "ya")   Bb - /b/ (as in "bravo")   Čč - /tʃ/ (as in "Charlie")   Dd - /d/ (as in "Delta")   Ee - /ɛ/ (as in "Eliot")   Éé - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")   Ęę - /jɛ/ (as in "ye")   Ff - /f/ (as in "frock")   Gg - /ɡ/ (as in "good")   Hh - /h/ (as in "hello")   Íí - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")   Jj - /ʒ/ (as in "Jewish")   Kk - /k/ (as in "Karl")   Ll - /l/ (as in "luck")   Mm - /m/ (as in "mother")   Nn - /n/ (as in "nope")   Ńń - /ɲ/ (as in Spanish "Ñandú")   Oo - /o/ (as in "omega")   Óó - /ɒ/ (as in "omnivores")   Pp - /p/ (as in "pennies")   Qq - /q/ (as in Farsi "Gharib")   Rr - /r/ (as in "red")   Ss - /s/ (as in "six")   Šš - /ʃ/ (as in "shut")   Tt - /t/ (as in "towel")   Uu - /ʌ/ (as in "under")   Úú - /ʊ/ (as in "oops")   Ųų - /ju/ (as in "you")   Vv - /v/ (as in "very")   Ww - /w/ (as in "well")   Xx - /x/ (as in Scottish "loch")   Yy - /j/ (as in "yes")   Ýý - /ʌ/ (as in "under")   Zz - /z/ (as in "zebra")   Žž - /ʒ/ (as in French "je")   Þþ - /θ/ (as in Icelandic "því")   (Ææ - /aɪ/ (Depending on dialect, it can be either "ih" or "eeh" and even so far as "eye")

Derivation/word formation:   Noun derivation: to make a noun an adjective add the ending "-ek," to make the noun a verb replace the last one with "-ár."   Example 1: "Bačún" (mountain) - "Bačúnek" (mountainous)   Example 2: "Sýdan" (river) - "Sỳdár" (to flow)     Negation:   In Present Tense: You add the adverb "Mækal"   Past Tense:   Future Tense:   Imperative Tense:   All other Tenses use the respective their respective perfect forms.  

Nouns

 

Noun Classifications:

  The Holy Case: reserved for usage when referring to holy beings or beings greater than that of the world. I.E. in prayers, rituals, common speech when referring to deital beings, hymns, and many more.   The Rational Case: Any being capable of rational thought. I.E. Humans, Animals, and even some believe water, clouds, and trees count as well (primarily amongst those living in the Oases.)   The Irrational Case: Any being incapable of rational thought. I.E. Rocks, Sand, Buildings, and most in the cities (so most in general) believe plants to be part of it.  

The Cases:

 

• Holy Case: The Word order changes when in the Holy Case to a more 'poetic' "SVO." As well as, removing all affixes. The Holy case does not use any form of affixes, and is thus an isolating case, each word form used when speaking in this case is of a single morpheme.

  Nominative: The Subject always goes at the beginning of the sentence. Used exclusively for Past and Present Tense.   Ergative: The Subject always goes at the beginning of the sentence. Used exclusively for Future Tense (which is uncommonly used in The Holy Case). The word Átáb accompanies the subject, and goes directly after it, or at the end (Oasis Dwellers only).   Genitive: To represent possession, the use of the preposition, "eš" meaning of, and adding the pronoun ék, én, éd, or ékeš, meaning my, yours, theirs (s.), theirs (p.) respectively. Example: Qam'mah's paradise: Éd Qám'máh eš wíšt; lit. Her, The Moon, of paradise   Accusative: The Object is always placed at the end of the sentence. The main instance of the accusative case is seen with personal pronouns that serve as direct objects or objects of prepositions.   Instrumental: You place the tool in question right after the verb (no word can be in between.)    

• The Rational Case: It remains only as SOV.

  Nominative: The base of the noun, it is unmarked. It is used only in the present tense and the future tense.   Ergative: The base of the noun, it is unmarked. It is used only in the past tense.   Genitive: In the rational case, you stick the pronoun as a suffix to the possessed item, "-ék, -én, -éd, or -ékeš"   Baván's sword: Baván Sa'éþéd; Lit. Baván blade theirs   Accusative:   Instrumental: You must replace the ending of the item used with "-újj" to represent it as the instrument in use.   Baván cut the wood with a blade: Baván Tųb Sa'újj barag    

• The Irrational Case: Although remains SOV, this case is defined by its verbal constructions. /*Middle Arabic employs verbal constructions to convey instrumental meanings, often through the use of certain verbs or verbal patterns. These constructions can indicate the means or instrument by which an action is performed. For example:*\

  Nominative: Only used for the past tense.   Ergative: Used for both the present and future tenses.   Genitive: When showcasing possession in the irrational case, use the infinitive verb "to have" after the possessor, even if it is not necessarily the word to be used in that context. For example: The blade belongs to them -> sa'éþ lamán yantamíg dašdag (lit. The blade to them belongs to have.)   Accusative:   Instrumental: Using the infinitive verb form to help in this example, put it with the instrumental noun, in this instance strength, to indicate assistance or aid provided through a specific means: Ądag Nírúk (lit. to help strength) -> helped with strength  

Noun Pluralization

  They have five numbers, singular, dual, trial, quadral, and plural. However, quadral is rarely used.

"Y" always goes at the beginning of the sentence, whereas "ý" goes in or at the end of a sentence.

Pronouns are integrated as part of the word when in the third person. Third person singular, dual, and trial. To take it out from a word, you add the ending "-k" For example, to say just "She/He" is "nak"   Each pronoun also has a form depending on whether it is in its Holy or Rational Form. Rational pronouns are used in regards to Irrational things as well.   Holy form only has singular and plural. Holy form does not including a first person.   Singular:   2nd; H:   3rd; H:   1st; R: Móklar - I, me   2nd; R: Tók = You   3rd; R: -Na- = He/She   Dual:   1st; R: Tóklar - You and me   2nd; R: Nók   3rd; R: -Vá-   Trial:   1st; R: Nóklar - Us three   2nd; R: Vók   3rd; R: -Xa-   Quadral:   1st; R: Vápler - Us four   2nd; R: Vek   3rd; R: There is no quadral 3rd person.   Plural:   2nd; H:   3rd; H:   1st; R: Vápeš - We, us   2nd; R: Šók   3rd; R: Lamán

Aa - /a/ (as in "apple")   Áá - /ɒ/ (as in "octagon")   Ąą - /jæ/ (as in "yes")   Bb - /b/ (as in "bravo")   Čč - /tʃ/ (as in "Charlie")   Dd - /d/ (as in "Delta")   Ee - /ɛ/ (as in "Eliot")   Éé - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")   Ęę - /jɛ/ (as in "ye")   Ff - /f/ (as in "frock")   Gg - /ɡ/ (as in "good")   Hh - /h/ (as in "hello")   Íí - /eɪ/ (as in "Eve")   Jj - /ʒ/ (as in "Jewish")   Kk - /k/ (as in "Karl")   Ll - /l/ (as in "luck")   Mm - /m/ (as in "mother")   Nn - /n/ (as in "nope")   Ńń - /ɲ/ (as in Spanish "Ñandú")   Oo - /o/ (as in "omega")   Óó - /ɒ/ (as in "omnivores")   Pp - /p/ (as in "pennies")   Qq - /ɣ/ (as in Farsi "Gharib")   Rr - /r/ (as in "red")   Ss - /s/ (as in "six")   Šš - /ʃ/ (as in "shut")   Tt - /t/ (as in "towel")   Uu - /ʌ/ (as in "under")   Úú - /ʊ/ (as in "oops")   Ųų - /ju/ (as in "you")   Vv - /v/ (as in "very")   Ww - /w/ (as in "well")   Xx - /x/ (as in Scottish "loch")   Yy - /j/ (as in "yes")   Ýý - /ʌ/ (as in "under")   Zz - /z/ (as in "zebra")   Žž - /ʒ/ (as in French "je")   Þþ - /θ/ (as in Icelandic "því")

The Verbs conjugate in the tenses Present, Past, present progressive, past progressive, imperfective, pluperfect, perfect simple, perfect continuous, future, present subjunctive, perfect subjunctive, imperfect, passive, intransitive, and transitive.   The only important ones to know are the Present, Past, Future, and Imperfect. as they are the most commonly used, and the others are not often said unless speaking in the holy case (or talking exceptionally poetically)   Verbs must match the Noun's case. If the noun is in the Holy Case, the Holy case must be used for the verb. The conjugations are very simple, and are the same regardless of number. It only follows number based on the pronoun that is to be used for it.  

Verb Classes:

1. Stative Verbs: Verbs indicating a state or condition rather than an action.
2. Dynamic Verbs: Verbs indicating actions or processes.
3. Transitive Verbs: Verbs requiring a direct object.
4. Intransitive Verbs: Verbs not requiring a direct object.
5. Active Verbs: Verbs indicating actions performed by the subject.
6. Passive Verbs: Verbs indicating actions undergone by the subject.
7. Causative Verbs: Verbs indicating actions caused or made to happen by the subject.

 

Verb Tenses:

 

The Irrational case:

  Here is an example of each conjugation using the verb, "To hide" which is "Apædaąg"   Past Irrational: The stem is, "Apæd" add the ending "-hak" and the respective pronouns   1st S. - Móklar Apædhak I hid   2nd S. Tók Apædhak: You hid   3rd S. Apænadhak: Add the pronoun -na- He/She hid     Present Irrational: You only use the stem of the verb.   1st S. - Móklar Apæd I hide/am hiding   3rd S. - Anapæd He/She is hiding     Future Irrational: Add the prefix "Raqá-"   1st S. Móklar Raqápæd I will hide   3rd S. Raqánapæd He/She will hide     Imperfect Irrational: Add the respective preposition.   For example: I walked is past, I used to walk is imperfect    

The Rational case: Spúndídan - To Protect/Guard

  Present Tense:   1st S. Móklar Spúndíd   2nd S. Tók Spúndíš   3rd S. Spúnadín   1st -d   2nd -š   3rd -n   Past Tense:   Future Tense:   Imperfect Tense:  

Verb Aspects:

    Perfective:   The Perfective aspect of verbs indicates that an action is viewed as a completed whole, without focusing on its duration or ongoing nature.   Used in regards to all cases.     Imperfective:   Often implies ongoing or habitual actions as well as uncompleted actions.   Used in regards to both the Rational Case and Holy Case.     Iterative:   Indicates repeated or habitual actions.   Only used in reference to the Irrational Case.    

Verb Moods: Represented through the usage of Auxiliary verbs.

1. Indicative - The indicative mood is used to make statements or ask questions about facts, beliefs, or reality.
2. Subjunctive - The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, desires, hypothetical situations, suggestions, or doubts. It often denotes actions that are not certain to happen or are contrary to reality.
3. Imperative - The imperative mood is used to give commands, make requests, or offer advice.
4. Conditional - The conditional mood is used to express hypothetical or unreal situations, often accompanied by a condition or requirement.
5. Potential - The potential mood is used to express possibility or ability.
6. Optative - The optative mood is used for expressing wishes or hopes.
7. Interrogative - The interrogative mood is used to ask questions.

  Examples in the Present Tense:  

• Indicative:
  "He/she is coming." Translates to "miý-áhąnag"   Miý roughly meaning is/am/are and serves as a marker for ongoing actions in the present tense.   Áhąnag means "He/she comes." The -na- means he/she, Áhąg means "to come." and for emphasis you could double the pronoun to -nana- "Áhąnanag."  
• Subjunctive:
  "If it storms (sandstorm), I will stay at home." Translates to    
• Imperative: It is represented through the context of the sentence, word choice, and verb forms.
  "Please close the door."    
• Conditional:

  "If I had more time, I would go."

Adjectives tend to have three vowels, while nouns and verbs tend to have two, and all others have one vowel. Verbs and Adverbs end in hard consonants such as "k" or "g" or "q" or "t." Adjectives agree with nouns in location. Pronouns have two forms, Singular and plural, and different endings depending on usage. "Y" always goes at the beginning of the sentence, whereas "ý" goes in or at the end of a sentence. Vowels never go together, there is always a consonant to keep them apart. Consonant clusters are usually okay.   Example of a sentence:   English: "The lovely river queen spoke to him. She said kind words."   Čašek: "Sýdan malkaþ éškanek govexa tóz'on. Tàqéxag áqzénč mokht."   Literal Translation: "River queen lovely she spoken to him. She said words kind."

Adjectives agree with nouns in location. If the adjective goes after the noun, it agrees with it. If not, then the adjective would not describe the noun. If you are trying to say something like "the ball is red," it would be "ball red it is" or "it is a ball red" or most accurately, "The ball red."