Grwyrddian

Natively known as: grwyrdd /grʊɨ̯rð/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
llo min cweyl glay lo nuw llo gwa lo laydriw rha ddeif iwf
Pronunciation: /ɬɔ mɪn kweɨ̯l glaɨ̯ loː nɨu̯ ɬɔ gwa loː ˈlaɨ̯drɪu̯ r̥a ðei̯v ɪu̯v/
Grwyrddian word order: and stood he holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d g h j k l m n n̥ p r r̥ s t v w ð ŋ ɬ ʃ θ χ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m			n n̥			ŋ
Stop	b p			d t			k g
Fricative		v	ð θ	s	ʃ			χ	h
Approximant						j
Trill				r̥ r
Lateral fricative				ɬ
Lateral approximant				l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a ai̯ au̯ aɨ̯ aː ei̯ eɨ̯ eː i iː oː u uː ɔ ɔi̯ ɔɨ̯ ə əu̯ ɛ ɛu̯ ɨ ɨu̯ ɨː ɪ ɪu̯ ʊ ʊɨ̯   Diphthongs: ai̯ au̯ aɨ̯ ei̯ eɨ̯ ɔi̯ ɔɨ̯ əu̯ ɛu̯ ɨu̯ ɪu̯ ʊɨ̯ ?  

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː i	ɨ ɨː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low	a aː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
f	ph
v	f
k	c
ŋ	ng
χ	ch
θ	th
r̥	rh
ɬ	ll
ð	dd
ɪu̯	iw
ɨu̯	uw
ʊɨ̯	wy
ɛu̯	ew
ɔi̯	oi
əu̯	yw
eɨ̯	ey
aː	a
ɔ	o
oː	o
iː	i
ɪ	i
eː	e
ɛ	e
uː	w
ʊ	w
j	i
ɨː	y
ɨ	y
ə	y
ʃ	si
n̥	n
̯

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Verb Subject Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Opened mary the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?  

Nouns

  Nouns have three cases:

• Ergative is the doer of a verb, when the verb is done to something: dog bites man.
• Absolutive is used in two scenarios: the doer of a verb when not done to something (dog bites), and the done-to of a verb (man bites dog).
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.

Ergative	Suffix -ib braboib /braˈbɔib/ dog (doing a transitive verb)
Absolutive	No affix brabo /ˈbrabɔ/ dog (doing an intransitive verb)
Genitive	If ends with vowel: Suffix -t Else: Suffix -ɨːt brabot /ˈbrabɔt/ dogʼs

 

Singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -n Else: Suffix -ɛu̯n brabon /ˈbrabɔn/ dog
Plural	No affix brabo /ˈbrabɔ/ dogs

 

Articles

  Grwyrddian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.
 

Pronouns

 

	Ergative	Absolutive	Genitive
1st singular	nidd /n̥iːð/ I	cla /kla/ me	gu /gu/ mine
2nd singular	cy /kɨ/ you	prywth /prəu̯θ/ you	ddy /ðɨ/ yours
3rd singular masc	cweyl /kweɨ̯l/ he, it (masc)	mau /mau̯/ his, it (masc)	nai /nai̯/ his, its (masc)
3rd singular fem	iy /jə/ she, it (fem)	gwic /gwik/ her, it (fem)	re /rɛ/ hers, its (fem)
1st plural	loydd /lɔɨ̯ð/ we	ioi /jɔi̯/ us	suw /sɨu̯/ ours
2nd plural	dy /dɨ/ you all	cell /keːɬ/ you all	iuw /jɨu̯/ yours (pl)
3rd plural	trey /treɨ̯/ they	doy /dɔɨ̯/ them	sgei /sgei̯/ theirs

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	bai /bai̯/ my
2nd singular	cway /kwaɨ̯/ your
3rd singular masc	lo /loː/ his
3rd singular fem	py /pɨː/ her
1st plural	peind /pei̯nd/ our
2nd plural	playst /plaɨ̯st/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tei /tei̯/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past
1st singular	Suffix -ai̯ tondai /ˈtɔndai̯/ (I) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -d Else: Suffix -oːd tondod /ˈtɔndoːd/ (I) learned
2nd singular	Suffix -oːr tondor /ˈtɔndoːr/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rs Else: Suffix -ɛu̯rs tondewrs /ˈtɔndɛu̯rs/ (you) learned
3rd singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ldi Else: Suffix -əldi tondyldi /tɔnˈdəldi/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -eɨ̯ld tondeyld /ˈtɔndeɨ̯ld/ (he/she/it) learned
1st plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ðeɨ̯ Else: Suffix -əðeɨ̯ tondyddey /tɔnˈdəðeɨ̯/ (we) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -aːm tondam /ˈtɔndaːm/ (we) learned
2nd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -rdoː Else: Suffix -aːrdoː tondardo /tɔnˈdaːrdoː/ (you all) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -əu̯l tondywl /ˈtɔndəu̯l/ (you all) learned
3rd plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð Else: Suffix -ai̯ð tondaidd /ˈtɔndai̯ð/ (they) learn	Suffix -əu̯ɬ tondywll /ˈtɔndəu̯ɬ/ (they) learned

  Grwyrddian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: klɔɨ̯ - cloy tond /klɔɨ̯ tɔnd/ will learn

 

Imperfective aspect

  The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).
Grwyrddian uses an affix for imperfective:  

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -nteɨ̯ Else: Suffix -ɨu̯nteɨ̯ tonduwntey /tɔnˈdɨu̯nteɨ̯/ learns/is learning

 

Numbers

  Grwyrddian has a base-10 number system:   1 - sto
2 - grw
3 - rhey
4 - drauf
5 - sbwyd
6 - mi
7 - trerwyw
8 - cwnrhi
9 - wyrfydd
10 - du
100 - nyrs
1000 - hi
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ntɛ
Else: Suffix -ɔi̯ntɛ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɔɨ̯
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -raɨ̯
Else: Suffix -ɪu̯raɨ̯
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -eɨ̯
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -mlɨː
Else: Suffix -aɨ̯mlɨː
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -əl
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ɛu̯
Tending to = Suffix -ʊχ
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rχ
Else: Suffix -ɨːrχ
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð
Else: Suffix -ɨu̯ð
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -rθ
Else: Suffix -ai̯rθ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -ʊɨ̯l
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -naː
Else: Suffix -ɛu̯naː
Augmentative = Suffix -ai̯s