Prákszti

Natively known as: pɹákszti /ˈpɹaːksti/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tɹurt tö fla nomí frʌ gúmd tɹurt mɔː frʌ hʊə̯ to ɪə̯ aʊ̯loʊ̯
Pronunciation: /tɹurt tø flɒ ˈnomiː frʌ guːmd tɹurt mɔː frʌ hʊə̯ to ɪə̯ ˈaʊ̯loʊ̯/
Pɹákszti word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɟ ɲ ɹ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʦ ʧ θ  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	b p			t d		ɟ	k g
Affricate				ʦ	ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	z s	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w ʍ

  Vowel inventory: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ aː eɪ̯ eː i iː o oʊ̯ oː u uː y yː æ ø øː ɑ ɑː ɒ ɔɪ̯ ɔː ɛ ɛə̯ ɜː ɪ ɪə̯ ʊ ʊə̯ ʌ   Diphthongs: aɪ̯ aʊ̯ eɪ̯ oʊ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɛə̯ ɪə̯ ʊə̯ ?  

	Front	Central	Back
High	i y iː yː		u uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
High-mid	eː ø øː		o oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low	aː		ɒ ɑ ɑː

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?   Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɒ	a
aː	á
uː	ú
yː	ű
y	ü
s	sz
ʒ	zs
c	ty
ʦ	c
ʧ	cs
ɛ	e
eː	é
ɟ	gy
iː	í
ɲ	ny
oː	ó
øː	ő
ø	ö
ʃ	s

 

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?  

Nouns

 

Singular	No affix púɹszmű /ˈpuːɹsmyː/ dog
Plural	If starts with vowel: Prefix uːn- Else: Prefix uːnɑ- únɑpúɹszmű /ˌuːnɑˈpuːɹsmyː/ dogs

 

Articles

 

Definite	sztɹor /stɹor/ the
Indefinite	hæt /hæt/ a, some

  Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used with place names: ‘The London’

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	soʊ̯ktsz /ʃoʊ̯kts/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	blʌ /blʌ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	tö /tø/ he, him, his, it (masc), its (masc)
3rd singular fem	tɹú /tɹuː/ she, her, hers, it (fem), its (fem)
1st plural inclusive	tó /toː/ we (including you), us (including you), ours (including you)
1st plural exclusive	vóp /voːp/ we (excluding you), us (excluding you), ours (excluding you)
2nd plural	só /ʃoː/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	thaʊ̯ /thaʊ̯/ they, them, theirs

 

Possessive determiners

 

	Possessive
1st singular	glínd /gliːnd/ my
2nd singular	dá /daː/ your
3rd singular masc	frʌ /frʌ/ his
3rd singular fem	pe /pɛ/ her
1st plural inclusive	fe /fɛ/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	θűv /θyːv/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	pí /piː/ your (pl)
3rd plural	geə̯ /gɛə̯/ their

 

Verbs

 

	Present	Past
Singular	Prefix skʌ- szkʌdɹú /ˈskʌdɹuː/ (I/you/he/she/it) learn(s)	Prefix gɛə̯- geə̯dɹú /ˈgɛə̯dɹuː/ (I/you/he/she/it) learned
Plural	Prefix kɔː- kɔːdɹú /ˈkɔːdɹuː/ (we/you all/they) learn	No affix dɹú /dɹuː/ (we/you all/they) learned

  Pɹákszti uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: kint - kint dɹú /kint dɹuː/ will learn

 

Numbers

  Pɹákszti has a base-10 number system:   1 - fí
2 - ó
3 - kwő
4 - sʊ
5 - ɹaʊ̯
6 - bɹás
7 - físztlo
8 - gɪə̯
9 - vű
10 - nyí
100 - seɪ̯
1000 - gyaj
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋk
Else: Suffix -ɛŋk
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -yːgz
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -go
Else: Suffix -øgo
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix i-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix o-
Noun to verb = If starts with vowel: Prefix sw-
Else: Prefix swɛə̯-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix gɹɜː-
Tending to = Suffix -ɪnst
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix spl-
Else: Prefix splo-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix ɪ-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ɛt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -ɑːm
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix dɹ-
Else: Prefix dɹɛə̯-
Augmentative = Suffix -ɒll