Ancient Faalen
Natively known as: faalen faalen /faˈalen/
...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...mi emt kikhi lap ftan pants mi khekhru purl emt sossi sramp mlimt mi emt kixi lap ftan panʦ mi xexru purl emt sossi sramp mlimt
Pronunciation: /mi emt kiˈxi lap ftan panʦ mi xeˈxru purl emt sosˈsi sramp mlimt/
Ancient Faalen word order: and his hat holding he stood and the wind to his wet face turned
Spelling & Phonology
Consonant inventory: f j k l m n p r s t w x ʦ| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Stop | p | t | k | ||
| Affricate | ʦ | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | x | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | e | o |
| Low | a |
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ? Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| j | y |
| ʦ | ts |
| x | kh |
Grammar
Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Subject Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into With a key the door Mary opened.Adposition: postpositions ?
Particles
| Enclitic | |
|---|---|
| Past | mu mu /mu/ |
| Present | me me /me/ |
| Future | nye nje /nje/ |
Particles
| Past | kkhok kxok /kxok/ |
| Present | pfap pfap /pfap/ |
| Future | orf orf /orf/ |
Possessive determiners
Singular
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Possessive | tya tja /tja/ my | kkhu kxu /kxu/ your | emt emt /emt/ his, her, its |
Plural
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Possessive | pref pref /pref/ our | si si /si/ your (pl) | ksi ksi /ksi/ their |
Pronouns
Genitive
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | slo slo /slo/ mine | pru pru /pru/ ours |
| 2nd person | pralts pralʦ /pralʦ/ yours | nump nump /nump/ yours (pl) |
| 3rd person | o o /o/ his, hers, its | arf arf /arf/ theirs |
Dative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nits niʦ /niʦ/ to me | tye tje /tje/ to us |
| 2nd person | khe xe /xe/ to you | mun mun /mun/ to you all |
| 3rd person | wu wu /wu/ to his, to her, to it | e e /e/ to them |
Ablative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | men men /men/ from me | sra sra /sra/ from us |
| 2nd person | orn orn /orn/ from you | an an /an/ from you all |
| 3rd person | yonts jonʦ /jonʦ/ from his, from her, from it | sri sri /sri/ from them |
Instrumental
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | kse kse /kse/ with/using me | yi ji /ji/ with/using us |
| 2nd person | fsir fsir /fsir/ with/using you | khimt ximt /ximt/ with/using you all |
| 3rd person | kkhi kxi /kxi/ with/using his, with/using her, with/using it | u u /u/ with/using them |
Absolutive (indep.)
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | frif frif /frif/ me | mlok mlok /mlok/ us |
| 2nd person | ma ma /ma/ you | pe pe /pe/ you all |
| 3rd person | sre sre /sre/ his, her, it | mup mup /mup/ them |
Absolutive (enclit.)
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | frif frif /frif/ me | mlok mlok /mlok/ us |
| 2nd person | ma ma /ma/ you | pe pe /pe/ you all |
| 3rd person | sre sre /sre/ his, her, it | mup mup /mup/ them |
Ergative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | i i /i/ I | as as /as/ we |
| 2nd person | okh ox /ox/ you | yints jinʦ /jinʦ/ you all |
| 3rd person | ftan ftan /ftan/ he, she, it | kkhil kxil /kxil/ they |
Locative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | nrits nriʦ /nriʦ/ to me | mirl mirl /mirl/ to us |
| 2nd person | so so /so/ to you | muk muk /muk/ to you all |
| 3rd person | mimp mimp /mimp/ to his, to her, to it | syelt sjelt /sjelt/ to them |
Allative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | fra fra /fra/ I, me, mine | knayl knajl /knajl/ we, us, ours |
| 2nd person | sept sept /sept/ you, yours | ye je /je/ you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd person | ko ko /ko/ he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its | kur kur /kur/ they, them, theirs |
Comitative
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | kkhef kxef /kxef/ I, me, mine | kkhonw kxonw /kxonw/ we, us, ours |
| 2nd person | kkho kxo /kxo/ you, yours | kkhip kxip /kxip/ you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd person | ne ne /ne/ he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its | nleys nlejs /nlejs/ they, them, theirs |
Equative 2
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | ku ku /ku/ | tyeyt tjejt /tjejt/ |
| 2nd person | mi mi /mi/ you, yours | ri ri /ri/ you all, yours (pl) |
| 3rd person | fralts fralʦ /fralʦ/ | kuw kuw /kuw/ |
Verb affixes
Singular
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Suffix -a
nlikha nlixa /nliˈxa/ (I) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -ek nlikhek nlixek /nliˈxek/ (you) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -jt
Else: Suffix -ijt nlikhiyt nlixijt /nliˈxijt/ (he/she/it) learns |
| Negative | Suffix -o
nlikho nlixo /nliˈxo/ (I) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -js
Else: Suffix -ijs nlikhiys nlixijs /nliˈxijs/ (you) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -x
Else: Suffix -ex nlikhekh nlixex /nliˈxex/ (he/she/it) learns |
Plural
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affirmative | Suffix -i
nlikhi nlixi /nliˈxi/ (we) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -p
Else: Suffix -up nlikhup nlixup /nliˈxup/ (you all) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -jt
Else: Suffix -ajt nlikhayt nlixajt /nliˈxajt/ (they) learn |
| Negative | If ends with vowel: Suffix -pt
Else: Suffix -ipt nlikhipt nlixipt /nliˈxipt/ (we) learn |
Suffix -it
nlikhit nlixit /nliˈxit/ (you all) learn |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -w
Else: Suffix -iw nlikhiw nlixiw /nliˈxiw/ (they) learn |
Articles
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Absolutive | nis nis /nis/ the, a | mas mas /mas/ the, some |
| Others | nliks nliks /nliks/ the, a | po po /po/ the, some |
Noun affixes
| Genitive | Dative | Ablative | Instrumental | Absolutive | Ergative | Essive | Allative | Comitative | Associative | Equative 1 | Equative 2 | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -il salil salil /saˈlil/ dogʼs |
Suffix -ep
salep salep /saˈlep/ to the/a dog |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -rn
Else: Suffix -ern salern salern /saˈlern/ from the/a dog |
Suffix -orl
salorl salorl /saˈlorl/ with/using the/a dog |
No affix
sal sal /sal/ dog (doing an intransitive verb) |
Suffix -enw
salenw salenw /saˈlenw/ dog (doing a transitive verb) |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ki
Else: Suffix -aki salaki salaki /saˈlaki/ dog |
Suffix -u
salu salu /saˈlu/ dog |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -if salif salif /saˈlif/ dog |
Suffix -ums
salums salums /saˈlums/ dog |
Suffix -ip
salip salip /saˈlip/ dog |
Suffix -en
salen salen /saˈlen/ dog |
Suffix -on
salon salon /saˈlon/ dog |
| Plural | If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
Else: Suffix -af salaf salaf /saˈlaf/ dogsʼ |
Suffix -ejs
saleys salejs /saˈlejs/ to dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ir salir salir /saˈlir/ from dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -pi
Else: Suffix -api salapi salapi /saˈlapi/ with/using dogs |
Suffix -uks
saluks saluks /saˈluks/ dogs (doing an intransitive verb) |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -an salan salan /saˈlan/ dogs (doing a transitive verb) |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ssu
Else: Suffix -essu salessu salessu /saˈlessu/ dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -ul salul salul /saˈlul/ dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -jl
Else: Suffix -ujl saluyl salujl /saˈlujl/ dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -txu
Else: Suffix -itxu salitkhu salitxu /saˈlitxu/ dogs |
Suffix -iw
saliw saliw /saˈliw/ dogs |
If ends with vowel: Suffix -ls
Else: Suffix -ols salols salols /saˈlols/ dogs |
Suffix -eks
saleks saleks /saˈleks/ dogs |
Numbers
Ancient Faalen has a base-6 number system: 1 - pyekh pjex2 - kkho kxo
3 - kkhorf kxorf
4 - kkhi kxi
5 - mal mal
6 - srits sriʦ
36 - mla mla
216 - syon sjon
Derivational morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -okAdjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -e
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -uk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -arn
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jl
Else: Suffix -ejl
Noun to verb = Suffix -i
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -arl
Tending to = Suffix -i
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pt
Else: Suffix -upt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lm
Else: Suffix -ilm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ipt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -txu
Else: Suffix -atxu
Diminutive = Suffix -o
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks
Else: Suffix -oks
Phonology
Consonant inventory: f j k l m n p r s t w x ʦ
Co-articulated phonemes
Vowel inventory: a e i o u
Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ? Spelling rules:
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Stop | p | t | k | ||
| Affricate | ʦ | ||||
| Fricative | f | s | x | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Lateral approximant | l |
| ↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-velar |
|---|---|
| Approximant | w |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| High-mid | e | o |
| Low | a |
Stress pattern: Second — stress is on the second syllable ? Spelling rules:
| Pronunciation | Spelling |
|---|---|
| j | y |
| ʦ | ts |
| x | kh |
Morphology
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ok
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -e
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -uk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -arn
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jl
Else: Suffix -ejl
Noun to verb = Suffix -i
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -arl
Tending to = Suffix -i
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pt
Else: Suffix -upt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lm
Else: Suffix -ilm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ipt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -txu
Else: Suffix -atxu
Diminutive = Suffix -o
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks
Else: Suffix -oks
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -e
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -uk
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -arn
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -jl
Else: Suffix -ejl
Noun to verb = Suffix -i
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -arl
Tending to = Suffix -i
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -pt
Else: Suffix -upt
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -lm
Else: Suffix -ilm
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -ipt
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -txu
Else: Suffix -atxu
Diminutive = Suffix -o
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ks
Else: Suffix -oks
Syntax
Main word order: (Prepositional phrase) Object Subject Verb. “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into With a key the door Mary opened.
Tenses
Genitive
Singular Plural
1st person slo slo /slo/
mine pru pru /pru/
ours
2nd person pralts pralʦ /pralʦ/
yours nump nump /nump/
yours (pl)
3rd person o o /o/
his, hers, its arf arf /arf/
theirs
Dative
Singular Plural
1st person nits niʦ /niʦ/
to me tye tje /tje/
to us
2nd person khe xe /xe/
to you mun mun /mun/
to you all
3rd person wu wu /wu/
to his, to her, to it e e /e/
to them
Ablative
Singular Plural
1st person men men /men/
from me sra sra /sra/
from us
2nd person orn orn /orn/
from you an an /an/
from you all
3rd person yonts jonʦ /jonʦ/
from his, from her, from it sri sri /sri/
from them
Instrumental
Singular Plural
1st person kse kse /kse/
with/using me yi ji /ji/
with/using us
2nd person fsir fsir /fsir/
with/using you khimt ximt /ximt/
with/using you all
3rd person kkhi kxi /kxi/
with/using his, with/using her, with/using it u u /u/
with/using them
Absolutive (indep.)
Singular Plural
1st person frif frif /frif/
me mlok mlok /mlok/
us
2nd person ma ma /ma/
you pe pe /pe/
you all
3rd person sre sre /sre/
his, her, it mup mup /mup/
them
Absolutive (enclit.)
Singular Plural
1st person frif frif /frif/
me mlok mlok /mlok/
us
2nd person ma ma /ma/
you pe pe /pe/
you all
3rd person sre sre /sre/
his, her, it mup mup /mup/
them
Ergative
Singular Plural
1st person i i /i/
I as as /as/
we
2nd person okh ox /ox/
you yints jinʦ /jinʦ/
you all
3rd person ftan ftan /ftan/
he, she, it kkhil kxil /kxil/
they
Locative
Singular Plural
1st person nrits nriʦ /nriʦ/
to me mirl mirl /mirl/
to us
2nd person so so /so/
to you muk muk /muk/
to you all
3rd person mimp mimp /mimp/
to his, to her, to it syelt sjelt /sjelt/
to them
Allative
Singular Plural
1st person fra fra /fra/
I, me, mine knayl knajl /knajl/
we, us, ours
2nd person sept sept /sept/
you, yours ye je /je/
you all, yours (pl)
3rd person ko ko /ko/
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its kur kur /kur/
they, them, theirs
Comitative
Singular Plural
1st person kkhef kxef /kxef/
I, me, mine kkhonw kxonw /kxonw/
we, us, ours
2nd person kkho kxo /kxo/
you, yours kkhip kxip /kxip/
you all, yours (pl)
3rd person ne ne /ne/
he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its nleys nlejs /nlejs/
they, them, theirs
Equative 2
Singular Plural
1st person ku ku /ku/
tyeyt tjejt /tjejt/
2nd person mi mi /mi/
you, yours ri ri /ri/
you all, yours (pl)
3rd person fralts fralʦ /fralʦ/
kuw kuw /kuw/
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