Hodżi

The phonology of the Hodżi language, known for the Jiodak people, signifies the simplicity and practicality of life in the prehistoric settlement.
Vowels: The language has five vowel roots: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, of which /a/ is most often used, playing a neutral or emphasizing function.
Consonants: The consonantal system is low, including basic sounds such as: Nasal: /m/, /n/ Black: /p/, /t/, /k/ Fricative: /s/, /ʃ/ (like Polish "sz") Semivowels: /w/, /j/
Syllables: The syllable structure is simple, most often of the CV type (consonant + vowel), e.g. "ha", "do", "ka". Complex syllables such as CVC are rarely used.
Accent: The accent usually falls on the first syllable of the word, which makes it easier to remember and use.
Special features: Common nasal sounds such as /m/ and /n/ contain place names as well as common names in nature. In the absence of sounds used for pronunciation, which is due to its use as practical communication in the community. The Hodżi language is characterized by onomatopoeia, which denote the sounds of nature and animals occurring in life, e.g. during hunting or farming.

The morphology of the Hodżi language reflects the simplicity and functionality of the lives of the Jiodak people, focusing on practical communication. It is an agglutinative language, meaning that morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) are combined in a logical way to form words with more complex meanings.
Morphological features:
Word structure: Each word consists of a stem (meaning base) and affixes added to it.
Example: ho (“water”) + -ji (locative, “in”) → hoji (“in the water”).
Parts of speech: Nouns: Simple, often one- or two-syllable, denote objects, persons and natural phenomena. They can take affixes of number and grammatical function.
Example: this (“stone”), such (“stones”).
Verbs:
Describe basic actions and states. Endings indicate tense and aspect: li- (past tense), -ta (accomplished aspect).
Example: jula (“goes”), lijulata (“went”).
Adjectives and adverbs: Occur as affixes to nouns or verbs.
Example: -mako (big): tamako (“big stone”).
Number: The language distinguishes between singular and plural by adding an affix: -ka (plural): ni (“man”), nika (“people”).
Cases: Nouns are conjugated by cases with endings: -ji (nominative): taji (“on stone”), -ta (accusative): tata (“stone”).
Negation: Negation is expressed with the prefix na-: jula (“goes”), najula (“does not go”).
Personal pronoun: A simple system including the forms: mi (“I”), ti (“you”), ni (“he/she/it”)
Example of a sentence: Mi lijulata hoji. “I went to the water.” Mi (me) li- (past) + jula (goes) + -ta (accomplishment) = “I went” hoji (“in the water”).
Hodżi morphology is logical and intuitive, allowing the Jiodak people to communicate effectively, crucial in prehistoric daily life.

The syntax of the Hodżi language is simple and closely related to the practical needs of the Jiodak people. Sentence constructions are short, linear and based on the natural order of thought, reflecting the low complexity of the prehistoric community.
Basic sentence formation: The Hodżi language's sentence formation is SVO (subject - verdict - complement), which is intuitive and easy to use: Ni jula hoji. “He goes to the water.” Ni (subject: he) jula (adjudication: he goes) hoji (complement: to the water).
Question sentences: Questions are formed with the question participle ka, which occurs at the end of the sentence: Ti jula hoji ka? “Are you going to the water?” Specific questions (e.g., who, what, where) are formed by adding the appropriate question pronoun at the beginning of the sentence: Ha ni jula? (“Where is he going?”) Mi ho ju? (“What am I doing?”).
Compound sentences: The Hodja language rarely uses compound sentences. When they are constructed, the conjunctions for (“and”) and to (“but”) connect simple sentences: Ni jula hoji na ti taja. “He goes to the water and you sit down.” Mi lita to ni najula. “I went, but he doesn't go.”
Prepositions and their place in a sentence: Prepositions, such as ho (“to, in”), ta (“of”), always come before the noun: Ni jula ho tara. “He is going to the village.” Ti lita ta hoji. “You went from the water.”
Negation: Negation is expressed with the prefix na- added to the verb: Mi najula hoji. “I don't go to the water.” Negation in compound sentences: Mi najula hoji to ti taja. “I don't go to the water, but you sit down.”
Emphatic structures: To emphasize the importance of a certain piece of information, a key word is moved to the beginning of the sentence: Hoji ni jula. “It is to the water that he goes.” Mi lita! “It is I who went!”
Syntax of a commanding sentence: Commands are formulated by using the verb in its base form: Jula! “Go!” Commands directed to a group are formed by adding the participle ka: Jula ka! (“Go!”)
Example of a compound sentence: Ni najula ho tara na mi lita hoji. “He does not go to the village, but I went to the water.”
The syntax of the Hodżi language is clear and flexible, enabling effective communication even in complex situations, which was crucial for the people of Jiodak.

The vocabulary of the Hodżi language reflects the daily needs of the Jiodak people, their relationship with nature and the simplicity of their social structure. Words are short, one- or two-syllable, and their meanings are often broad, encompassing many related concepts.
Vocabulary features: Strongly rooted in nature: Words describing nature are key because the natural environment provides the resources for life. ho - water ta - stone na - earth hara - tree siki - fire
Basic social terms: The language contains simple words to describe social relationships and roles: ni - man mi - me ti - you maka - elders liru - leader
Verbs with broad meanings: Verbs are universal, and their precise meaning depends on context or added affixes. jula - to go, travel taja - to sit, rest kara - to make, build sula - to hunt, search
Vocabulary related to resources and tools: These terms reflect the daily activities of the settlement: maka - skin poto - tool kiki - plant fibers tura - trap
Emotional and social expressions: There are simple terms in the Hodżi language to express emotions and relationships: uru - joy naku - sadness maki - friend kuta - enemy.
Creating new words: Jiodak people create new words by combining stems: hara (tree) + kiki (fiber) → harakiki (rope). ho (water) + tara (place) → hotara (lake).
Onomatopoeias: The Hodżi language uses onomatopoeia in words describing nature: sisi - the sound of the wind kaka - the sound of a bird mumu - the roar of an animal
Examples of sentences with vocabulary: Ni sula maka. “A man hunts an animal out of its skin.” Ti jula ho hotara. “You go to the lake.” Maki mi uru. “A friend makes me happy.”
Hodżi vocabulary is concise and pragmatic, making it ideal for a community that is small in size and focused on basic survival needs.

Example words with pronunciation:
ho [ho] - water
tara [ˈta.ra] - place
maki [ˈma.ki] - friend
jula [ˈju.la] - go.
The phonetics of the Hodżi language are harmonious and intuitive, making it well suited to the needs of a small, prehistoric community.

The system of tenses in the Hodżi language is simple and functional, adapted to the needs of everyday life for the people of Jiodak. The language reflects the basic aspects of time: past, present and future, without overly complex structures.

Basic tenses in the Hodżi language:
Present tense (present): Used to describe current actions and states. The verb occurs in its basic form, without additional affixes. Example: Ni jula ho tara. “He is going to the village.” Ti taja hoji. “You sit by the water.”
Past tense: Expressed by the prefix li- added to the verb. Used to describe completed actions. Example: Mi lijula hoji. “I went to the water.” Ni litaja tara. “He sat in the village.”
Future tense: Expressed by the prefix su- added to the verb. Describes actions that are expected to happen. Example: Ti sujula ho tara. “You will go to the village.” Ni sutaja hoji. “He will sit by the water.”

Aspects of activities:
The accomplished aspect: Expressed by adding the suffix -ta to the verb. Emphasizes the completion of the action. Example: Mi lijulata hoji. “I have already gone to the water.” Non-finite aspect: The verb remains in its base form, without suffixes.
Describes an ongoing or repetitive activity. Example: Ni jula ho tara. “He is going (is in progress).”

Expressing continuity and repetition:
Continuity: The participle na added before the verb indicates continuity of action. Mi na jula ho tara. “I keep going to the village.”
Repetition: The participle ka indicates repetition. Ti ka jula hoji. “You often go to the water.”

Modes:
Indicative mode: Used to describe facts, no special indications. Ni jula ho tara. “He goes to the village.”
Commanding mode: Basic form of the verb without a subject: Jula! “Go!” For groups: ka added after the verb. Jula ka! “Go!”
Suppositional mode: Particle tu before the verb. Mi tu jula hoji. “I may go to the water.”

Example sentences with different tenses:
Present tense: Ni jula ho tara. “He is going to the village.”
Past: Mi lijula hoji. “I went to the water.”
Future: Ti sujula ho tara. “You go to the village.”
Accomplishment: Ni litajata tara. “He has already sat in the village.”
The system of tenses in Hodżi is minimalist, but sufficient to express basic temporal relationships and adapt the language to the needs of everyday communication.

The structure of sentences in Hodżi is clear and functional. The basic SVO array allows for clear communication, and the addition of simple particles, prefixes and conjunctions makes it possible to create question, command and compound sentences. Thanks to its simplicity, the language is easy to learn and effective for everyday communication.

The order of adjectives in the Hodżi language is relatively simple and intuitive, meeting the basic communicative needs of the people of Jiodak. In the language, adjectives usually appear before the nouns they describe. The order is rather flexible, but there are certain rules that allow for clarity and sense in communication.
The basic rule of adjective order:
Adjective + noun An adjective in the Hodżi language always comes before the noun it describes. Adjectives are simple, one- or two-syllable, and their forms do not change depending on the number or type of the noun.
Examples: Ho tara maki. “Beautiful village.” Ho (village) - noun tara (beautiful) - adjective Ni siki hojo. “Strong man.” Ni (man) - noun siki (strong) - adjective
The order of adjectives in the case of adjective sets:
For sentences that use two or more adjectives, the order will usually depend on the type of characteristic described. Adjectives describing size / quantity + feature: In this case, an adjective expressing size (e.g., “big”, “small”) or quantity will usually be used first, and a feature (e.g., “beautiful”, “strong”) second.
Ni siki maki. “Big strong man.” Ni (man) - noun siki (big) - an adjective expressing size maki (strong) - adjective expressing a characteristic
Adjectives expressing color + trait:
Color is usually before trait.
Ho tara wana. “Red stone.” Ho (stone) - noun tara (red) - adjective (color)
Adjectives expressing location + feature:
The adjective expressing the place or location will be used first, and the feature will be as follows.
Ho tara kasu. “High mountain.” Ho (mountain) - noun tara (high) - an adjective describing a feature kasu (in place) - adjective denoting location
No change in adjectives:
Adjectives in Hodżi are not subject to declension, i.e. they do not change their form depending on the number, genus or case of the noun they refer to. The form of an adjective is always the same, regardless of whether it describes a singular or plural thing, or whether the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter.
Example: Ni siki ho tara. “A strong man in the village.” Ni siki ho tara ka. “Strong people in the village.” In both cases, the adjective siki (strong) remains in the same form.

In the Hodżi language, the order of adjectives is relatively simple. Adjectives come before the nouns they describe. In the case of several adjectives, the order is usually based on size, color or feature relationships, keeping communication simple and clear.