Celestial

Celestial

Natively known as: nayashmaz /nɑˈʤɑʃmɑz/

 

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w z  

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b		t d	c	k g	q
Fricative		f v	s z				h
Approximant				j
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

  Co-articulated phonemes  

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

  Vowel inventory: a e ee̯ i ie̯ o u y   Diphthongs: ee̯ ie̯ ?  

	Front	Back
High	i y	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

  Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ?   Sound changes (in order of application):  

• a → ɑ
• bb → b
• b → b
• ch → ʧ
• c → k
• d → d
• e → ɛ
• ff → f
• f → f
• gg → g
• g → g
• h → h
• i → ɪ
• j → ʤ
• kh → χ
• kk → k
• k → k
• ll → l
• l → l
• m → m
• ng → ŋ
• nn → n
• n → n
• o → o
• p → p
• q → k
• rr → ʀ
• r → ʁ
• sh → ʃ
• ss → s
• s → s
• th → θ
• tz → ʦ
• t → t
• u → ʌ
• v → v
• w → w
• x → ks
• y → j
• z → z

  Spelling rules:  

Pronunciation	Spelling
j	y
χ	kh
ʦ	tz
ʁ	r
ʃ	sh
ʔ	'

 

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Grammar

  Sentence word order: Subject-Verb-Indirect object-Direct object. “She gave the dog a bone” turns into She gave the dog a bone.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?  

Nouns

  Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural

Particle before the noun: dro - dro helgyse /dʁo hɛlˈgjsɛ/ dogs

 

Articles

 

Definite	mul /mʌl/ the
Indefinite	ha /hɑ/ a, some

 

Pronouns

 

1st singular	za /zɑ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	qi /kɪ/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	dra /dʁɑ/ he, him, his, it (m.), its (m.)
3rd singular fem	wil /wɪl/ she, her, hers, it (f.), its (f.)
1st plural	nal /nɑl/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ve /vɛ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	mel /mɛl/ they, them, theirs

 

Possession

 

	Possessive
1st singular	bun /bʌn/ my
2nd singular	un /ʌn/ your
3rd singular masc	dru /dʁʌ/ his
3rd singular fem	me /mɛ/ her
1st plural	zar /zɑʁ/ our
2nd plural	thu /θʌ/ your (pl)
3rd plural	lo /lo/ their

  Nayashmazian marks the the possessor of the noun with an affix.
E.g. dogʼs bone.

Possessive

If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -il helgysel /hɛlˈgjsɛl/ dogʼs

 

Verbs

 

Present	No affix zodru /ˈzodʁʌ/ learn
Past	If ends with vowel: Suffix -zo Else: Suffix -izo zodruzo /zodˈʁʌzo/ learned

  Nayashmazian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: ta - ta zodru /tɑ ˈzodʁʌ/ will learn

 

Progressive aspect

  The progressive aspect refers to actions that are happening at the time of speaking, such as ‘I am learning’.
Nayashmazian uses an affix for progressive:  

Progressive

Suffix -em zodruem /zodˈʁʌɛm/ be learning

 

Perfect aspect

  The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have learned the lesson’,
which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken
but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Nayashmazian uses an affix for the perfect aspect:  

Perfect

Suffix -a zodrua /zodˈʁʌɑ/ have learned

 

Passive voice

  The passive voice refers allows speakers to omit who is doing the verb.
For example, the sentence ‘The lesson was learned’ does not say who learned the lesson,
which contrasts with active voice: ‘He learned the lesson’.
Nayashmazian uses an affix for the passive voice:  

Passive

If ends with vowel: Suffix -l Else: Suffix -el zodrul /ˈzodʁʌl/ learn

 

Imperative mood

  The imperative mood is used for commands or requests.
English has no affix for commands and requests, we simply say the verb, e.g. "learn!"
Nayashmazian uses an affix for the imperative mood:
 

Imperative

Suffix -e zodrue /zodˈʁʌɛ/ learn!

 

Questions

  Nayashmazian uses a standalone particle word to form questions:  

Question

Particle before the verb: za - za zodru /zɑ ˈzodʁʌ/ learn?

 

Numbers

  Nayashmazian has a base-10 number system:   1 - a
2 - pol
3 - hol
4 - ya
5 - ka
6 - ral
7 - tura
8 - moh
9 - veme
10 - timwu
100 - myl
1000 - zul
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ol
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -i
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -i
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -a
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -ir
Noun to verb = Suffix -im
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -en
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -nt
Else: Suffix -int
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
Else: Suffix -or
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ma
Else: Suffix -uma
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -m
Else: Suffix -im
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -un
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -z
Else: Suffix -oz