Lúthilin (oi̯nzi)

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: b d g j k l m n p s t w x z ŋ ɹ ʁ ʃ ʒ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	m	n			ŋ
Stop	p b	t d			k g
Fricative		s z	ʃ ʒ		x	ʁ
Approximant		ɹ		j
Lateral approximant		l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	w

Vowel inventory: a ai̯ au̯ e ei̯ i o oi̯ u Diphthongs: ai̯ au̯ ei̯ oi̯ ?

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined ?
Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable ? Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɹ	r
ʒ	zh
j	y
ʃ	sh
ŋ	ng
ʁ	r̈
x	kh
̯

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?

Nouns

Nouns form plural with separate plural word:

Plural	Particle before the noun: u - u sokash /u ˈsokaʃ/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	li /li/ the	le /le/ a
Plural	a /a/ the	ke /ke/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns

1st singular	te /te/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	tuw /tuw/ you, yours
3rd singular	ngaw /ŋaw/ he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	e /e/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	osh /oʃ/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	zho /ʒo/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

	Possessive
1st singular	ba /ba/ my
2nd singular	nain /nai̯n/ your
3rd singular	sei /sei̯/ his, her, its
1st plural	sau /sau̯/ our
2nd plural	khat /xat/ your (pl)
3rd plural	pish /piʃ/ their

Verbs

Future	Prefix kau̯- kaupew /ˈkau̯pew/ will learn

Lúthilin uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: o - o pew /o pew/ learned

Perfect aspect

The perfect aspect in English is exemplified in ‘I have read this book’, which expresses an event that took place before the time spoken but which has an effect on or is in some way still relevant to the present.
Lúthilin uses an affix for the perfect aspect:

Perfect	Reduplicate last part of last syllable pewew /ˈpewew/ have learned

Numbers

Lúthilin has a base-20 number system: 1 - lai
2 - weish
3 - lauk
4 - zul
5 - ez
6 - ki
7 - tik
8 - tenga
9 - ke
10 - lesh
11 - ngukhni
12 - geish
13 - wi
14 - khiwsi
15 - al
16 - woibyaid
17 - nau
18 - naik
19 - ken
20 - zhau
400 - eish
8000 - wuw

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -kwa
Else: Suffix -akwa
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -l
Else: Suffix -il
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -oʃ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃ
Else: Suffix -oi̯ʃ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Prefix e-
Noun to verb = Prefix xoi̯-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -u
Tending to = Prefix xu-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n
Else: Suffix -oi̯n
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -t
Else: Suffix -ai̯t
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If starts with vowel: Prefix b-
Else: Prefix bo-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = Prefix ei̯-
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹ
Else: Suffix -eɹ
Augmentative = Suffix -as