Old Scorlandian Bógian

Natively known as: Bóg /bˠoːɟ/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
tré á li frúthrad seoch nónt tré límh clir li cuist pínn bhé
Pronunciation: /t̪ˠɾˠeː ɑː lʲɪ fʲɾʲuːˈhɾˠadʲ ʃɔx n̪ˠoːnʲtʲ t̪ˠɾˠeː ɫiːvˠ kɫɪɾʲ lʲɪ kɪʃtʲ pˠiːɲ vʲeː/
Bógian word order: and he his hat holding stood and the wind to his wet face turned  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: /bʲ bˠ c dʲ d̪ˠ fʲ fˠ h k lʲ mʲ mˠ nʲ n̪ˠ pʲ pˠ sˠ tʲ t̪ˠ vʲ vˠ x ç ŋ ɟ ɡ ɫ ɲ ɾʲ ɾˠ ʃ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	mˠ mʲ		n̪ˠ	nʲ		ɲ	ŋ
Stop	pˠ pʲ bˠ bʲ		t̪ˠ d̪ˠ	tʲ dʲ		c ɟ	k ɡ
Fricative		fˠ fʲ vʲ vˠ		sˠ	ʃ	ç	x	h
Tap				ɾˠ ɾʲ
Lateral approximant				lʲ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Velarized alveolar
Lateral approximant	ɫ

Vowel inventory: /a eː ia iə iː oː uə uː ɑː ɔ əi əu ɛ ɪ ʊ/   Diphthongs: ia, iə, uə, əi, əu

	Front	Back
High	iː	uː
Near-high	ɪ	ʊ
High-mid	eː	oː
Low-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Low	a	ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: bʲ, bʲɾʲ, bˠ, bˠɾˠ, c, cɾʲ, dʲ, dʲɾʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fʲɾʲ, fˠ, h, k, kɫ, kɾˠ, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, n̪ˠ, pʲ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, sˠɾˠ, tʲ, tʲɾʲ, t̪ˠ, t̪ˠɾˠ, vʲ, x, xɫ, ç, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɡɾˠ, ɫ, ɾˠ, ʃ, ʃc, ʃcɾʲ
Mid-word consonants: bˠ, c, dʲ, d̪ˠ, fʲ, fˠ, h, hɾˠ, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, mˠpˠ, nʲ, nʲʃ, n̪ˠ, n̪ˠt̪ˠ, pˠ, sˠ, sˠk, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, t̪ˠ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋ, ɟ, ɡ, ɡɫ, ɫ, ɫt̪ˠ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠsˠ, ɾˠɫ, ʃ, ʃtʲ
Word final consonants: dʲ, d̪ˠ, h, k, lʲ, mʲ, mˠ, nʲ, nʲtʲ, n̪ˠ, sˠ, sˠt̪ˠ, tʲ, vʲ, vˠ, x, xt̪ˠ, ŋɡ, ɟ, ɡ, ɫ, ɲ, ɾʲ, ɾʲtʲ, ɾˠ, ɾˠd̪ˠ, ɾˠtʲ, ɾˠt̪ˠ, ʃ, ʃtʲ   Phonological changes (in order of application):  

• k → ʔ / _#
• a → ɔ / _{ŋ,k}
• N → n / _#
• h → Ø / V_V
• N → ŋ / _#
• ɡ → x / _#
• ɡ → h / _h
• k → Ø / _N
• eː → iː / _V
• h → Ø / _#
• ɛ → ı̃ / S_#
• ʃ → x / B_#

  How to read phonological rules   Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ca	cea
coː	ceo
cu	ciu
kɪ	coi | cai | cui
k	c
h	th
x	ch
ç	ch
ɲ	nn
^n̪ˠ	n
nʲ	n
n̪ˠ	nn
ŋg	ng
ŋ	ng
mʲ	m
mˠ	m
pʲ	p
pˠ	p
bʲ	b
bˠ	b
lʲ	l
ɫ	l
ʃa	sea
sˠɪ	sai
sˠi	suí
sˠeː	sao
ʃɔ	seo | sio
ʃo	seo
ʃu	siu
ʃ	s
sˠ	s
tʲ	te / _{a,ɑː}
tʲ	t
tʲu	tiu
t̪ˠoː	teo
t̪ˠɛ	te
t̪ˠ	t
fˠi	faoi
fˠɪ	fui
fˠuː	fiú
fˠ	f
fʲ	f
ɡ	g
ɟ	g
ɪ	i
ɑː	á
eːɾˠ	éar
ɾˠ	r
ɾʲ	r
vˠ	bh | mh
vʲ	bh
d̪ˠ	d
dʲ	d
əi	a
eː	é
ɛ	ei
ɔ	o
oː	ó
iː	í
uː	ú
iə	ia
əu	ai
uə	ua
ʊ	u

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject (Prepositional phrase) Object Verb. "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary with a key the door opened.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

  Nouns have four cases:

• Nominative is the doer of a verb: dog bites man.
• Accusative is the done-to of a verb: man bites dog.
• Genitive is the possessor of something: dog’s tail hits man.
• Dative is the recipeint of something: man gives ball to dog.

Nominative	No affix trath /tʲɾʲəih/ doɡ (doinɡ the verb)
Accusative	Suffix -iːvʲ trathíbh /ˈtʲɾʲəihiːvʲ/ (verb done to) doɡ
Genitive	Suffix -ia trathia /ˈtʲɾʲəihia/ doɡʼs
Dative	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾʲ Else: Suffix -ɛɾʲ tratheir /ˈtʲɾʲəihɛɾʲ/ to (the/a) doɡ

	Singular	Plural
Definite	Suffix -iə trathia /tʲɾʲəiˈhiə/ the doɡ	Suffix -ʊɾʲtʲ trathurt /tʲɾʲəiˈhʊɾʲtʲ/ the doɡs
Indefinite	If ends with vowel: Suffix -xt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -ɛxt̪ˠ tratheicht /ˈtʲɾʲəihɛxt̪ˠ/ a doɡ	If ends with vowel: Suffix -sˠt̪ˠ Else: Suffix -eːsˠt̪ˠ trathést /tʲɾʲəiˈheːsˠt̪ˠ/ some doɡs

Articles

  Bógian encodes definite article ‘the’, and indefinite article ‘a’ in noun affixes. See Noun section.  

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
1st singular	grird /ɡɾˠɪɾˠd̪ˠ/ I	fa /fʲa/ me	chiar /çiaɾʲ/ mine	ca /ka/ to me
2nd singular	i /ɪ/ you (masc)	pia /pʲiə/ you	tai /tʲəu/ yours	grirt /ɡɾˠɪɾˠtʲ/ to you
3rd singular	á /ɑː/ he, she, it	lá /ɫɑː/ him, her, it	scrial /ʃcɾʲiaɫ/ his, hers, its	climh /kɫɪvˠ/ to him, her, it
1st plural	clibh /kɫɪvʲ/ we	bei /bˠɛ/ us	fach /fʲəix/ ours	a /a/ to us
2nd plural	rís /ɾˠiːʃ/ you all	scrad /ʃcɾʲəid̪ˠ/ you all	buann /bˠuən̪ˠ/ yours (pl)	o /ɔ/ to you all
3rd plural	ig /ɪɟ/ they	cá /kɑː/ them	clich /kɫɪx/ theirs	cai /kɪ/ to them

Possessive determiners

1st singular	frún /fʲɾʲuːnʲ/ my
2nd singular	chlar /xɫəiɾˠ/ your
3rd singular	li /lʲɪ/ his, her, its
1st plural	dria /dʲɾʲiə/ our
2nd plural	cha /xa/ your (pl)
3rd plural	é /eː/ their

Verbs

Present	If ends with vowel: Suffix -vʲ Else: Suffix -iəvʲ chasuíəbh /xaˈsˠiəvʲ/ learn
Past	No affix chas /xasˠ/ learned
Future	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾʲtʲ Else: Suffix -ʊɾʲtʲ chasurt /ˈxasˠʊɾʲtʲ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect   The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).   Bógian uses a standalone particle word for imperfective:

Imperfective

Particle before the verb: xɫiə - chlia chas /xɫiə xasˠ/ learns/is learninɡ

Numbers

  Bógian has a base-10 number system:   1 - íg
2 - scá
3 - tua
4 - pia
5 - ca
6 - cea
7 - fronn
8 - pé
9 - cli
10 - od
11 - od tré íg “ten and one”
100 - gamh “hundred”
101 - gabh íg “hundred one”
200 - scá gabh
1000 - thod “thousand”
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n̪ˠ
Else: Suffix -eːn̪ˠ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɔmʲ
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n̪ˠ
Else: Suffix -iːn̪ˠ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Suffix -ʊ
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʲ
Else: Suffix -ɔdʲ
Noun to verb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -dʲ
Else: Suffix -ɔdʲ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -iə
Tending to = Suffix -a
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -a
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Suffix -ɑːɟ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -vʲ
Else: Suffix -əuvʲ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ŋɡ
Else: Suffix -uːŋɡ
Diminutive = If ends with vowel: Suffix -sˠt̪ˠ
Else: Suffix -iːsˠt̪ˠ
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -n̪ˠ
Else: Suffix -ɑːn̪ˠ