Tagluk

Natively known as: mäyt /mæy̯t/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
ra taul heen let jou oota ra köt jou haap nyys tärstyil hä
Pronunciation: /rɑ tɑu̯l heːn let jou̯ oːˈtɑ rɑ køt jou̯ hɑːp nyːs tærsˈtyi̯l hæ/
Tagluk word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: d h j k kː l lː m mː n nː p pː r rː s sː t tː ŋ ʋ

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m mː		n nː		ŋ
Stop	p pː		t tː d		k kː
Fricative			s sː			h
Approximant		ʋ		j
Trill			r rː
Lateral approximant			l lː

Vowel inventory: e ei̯ eu̯ eː i ie̯ iː o oi̯ ou̯ oː u ui̯ uo̯ uː y yi̯ yø̯ yː æ æi̯ æy̯ æː ø øi̯ øy̯ ɑ ɑi̯ ɑu̯ ɑː   Diphthongs: ei̯ eu̯ ie̯ oi̯ ou̯ ui̯ uo̯ yi̯ yø̯ æi̯ æy̯ øi̯ øy̯ ɑi̯ ɑu̯

	Front	Back
High	i iː y yː	u uː
High-mid	e eː ø	o oː
Near-low	æ æː
Low		ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: Ultimate — stress is on the last syllable   Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʋ	v
tː	tt
lː	ll
sː	ss
kː	kk
ŋ	n
æː	ää
æ	ä
yː	yy
ɑː	aa
ɑ	a
ø	ö
oː	oo
uː	uu
iː	ii
eː	ee
̯

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Nouns

Singular	No affix voin /ʋoi̯n/ dog
Plural	If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix yø̯- Else: Prefix eu̯- euvoin /eu̯ˈʋoi̯n/ dogs

Articles

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	lö /lø/ the	läät /læːt/ a
Plural	moo /moː/ the	maa /mɑː/ some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English’s ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’
• Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

 

Pronouns

1st singular	la /lɑ/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	tii /tiː/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	taul /tɑu̯l/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	ä /æ/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	lii /liː/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	kö /kø/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	mip /mip/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	äy /æy̯/ my
2nd singular	riit /riːt/ your
3rd singular masc	jou /jou̯/ his
3rd singular fem	vuin /ʋui̯n/ her
1st plural	vyös /ʋyø̯s/ our
2nd plural	mau /mɑu̯/ your (pl)
3rd plural	tää /tæː/ their

Verbs

Present	No affix vei /ʋei̯/ learn
Past	If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix ie̯- Else: Prefix e- evei /eˈʋei̯/ learned

Tagluk uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: jiː - jii vei /jiː ʋei̯/ will learn

Numbers

  Tagluk has a base-20 number system:   1 - jai
2 - teen
3 - vää
4 - täi
5 - kää
6 - huon
7 - erun
8 - ta
9 - kuirheit
10 - noon
11 - horːe
12 - tidi
13 - hihve
14 - väsäy
15 - soil
16 - veiniihda
17 - run
18 - likköp
19 - majaa
20 - päys
(Four) hundred - sö
(Eight) thousand - syys  

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix seː-
Else: Prefix sei̯-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix æ-
Else: Prefix iː-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix eː-
Else: Prefix uː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix pe-
Else: Prefix pɑ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix eː-
Else: Prefix o-
Noun to verb = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix yø̯-
Else: Prefix uː-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix y-
Else: Prefix iː-
Tending to = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix iː-
Else: Prefix u-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix tø-
Else: Prefix tuo̯-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix ʋæy̯-
Else: Prefix ʋu-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix ti-
Else: Prefix to-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix æː-
Else: Prefix u-
Diminutive = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix he-
Else: Prefix hɑ-
Augmentative = If contains {æ,æː,y,ie̯,æy̯,yø̯,yː,æi̯,ø,yi̯,øi̯,øy̯}: Prefix æː-
Else: Prefix ui̯-