Orcish

Natively known as: ozaʻmak /ozaʔˈmak/

  ...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
oma tak kagʻdit geth tak kagʻmin oma gog tak gorʻki zog krel kid
Pronunciation: /oˈma tak ˈkagʔdit geð tak kagʔˈmin oˈma gog tak ˈgorʔki zog krel kid/
Ozaʻmak word order: and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face the wind to  

Spelling & Phonology

  Consonant inventory: d g k l m n p r s t z ð

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p		t d	k g
Fricative		ð	s z
Trill			r
Lateral approximant			l

Vowel inventory: a e i o u

	Front	Back
High	i	u
High-mid	e	o
Low	a

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress   Spelling rules:

Pronunciation	Spelling
ʔ	ʻ
ɑ	a
ɔː	o
ɛ	e
ʊ	u
ð	th
ɹ	r
ʃ	sh
ʤ	j
V₁ː	V₁V₁
̯

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Grammar

  Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions  

Articles

Definite	tak /tak/ the
Indefinite	ga /ga/ a, some

Uses of definite article that differ from English:

• Definite article can be omitted: ‘I am going to supermarket’
• Used for personal names in third person: ‘The Maria has left for school’
• Used for languages: ‘The English’

  Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

• Not used for non-specific countable nouns: non-specific means ‘I am looking for a (any) girl in a red dress’, whereas specific means ‘I am looking for a (particular) girl in a red dress’

 

Pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	u /u/ I	id /id/ me
2nd singular	i /i/ you	um /um/ you
3rd singular masc	tak /tak/ he	ke /ke/ him
3rd singular fem	ad /ad/ she	ma /ma/ her
3rd singular neut	o /o/ it	ak /ak/ it
1st plural inclusive	mat /mat/ we (including you)	kam /kam/ us (including you)
1st plural exclusive	sil /sil/ we (excluding you)	man /man/ us (excluding you)
2nd plural	ka /ka/ you all	ri /ri/ you all
3rd plural masc	se /se/ they (masc)	ru /ru/ them (masc)
3rd plural fem	a /a/ they (fem)	ko /ko/ them (fem)
3rd plural neut	ar /ar/ they (neut)	ek /ek/ them (neut)

Possessive determiners

1st singular	ket /ket/ my
2nd singular	o /o/ your
3rd singular masc	tak /tak/ his
3rd singular fem	del /del/ her
3rd singular neut	u /u/ its
1st plural inclusive	a /a/ our (including you)
1st plural exclusive	zo /zo/ our (excluding you)
2nd plural	si /si/ your (pl)
3rd plural masc	ak /ak/ their (masc)
3rd plural fem	ku /ku/ their (fem)
3rd plural neut	zit /zit/ their (neut)

Verbs

1st singular	Suffix -iz kedʻgeniz /kedʔgeˈniz/
2nd singular	Prefix ke- kekedʻgen /keˈkedʔgen/
3rd singular masc	Prefix ga- gakedʻgen /gaˈkedʔgen/
3rd singular fem	If ends with vowel: Suffix -r Else: Suffix -e kedʻgene /kedʔˈgene/
3rd singular neut	Suffix -id kedʻgenid /kedʔˈgenid/
1st plural inclusive	Prefix ki- kikedʻgen /kiˈkedʔgen/
1st plural exclusive	Prefix ri- rikedʻgen /rikedʔˈgen/
2nd plural	Prefix sa- sakedʻgen /saˈkedʔgen/
3rd plural masc	If ends with vowel: Suffix -k Else: Suffix -a kedʻgena /kedʔˈgena/
3rd plural fem	Prefix ro- rokedʻgen /rokedʔˈgen/
3rd plural neut	Suffix -ad kedʻgenad /kedʔgeˈnad/

Ozaʻmak uses a standalone particle word for past tense:

Past	Particle before the verb: kudʔðinman - kudʻthinman kedʻgen /kudʔðinˈman ˈkedʔgen/ learned

Ozaʻmak uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: zri - zri kedʻgen /zri kedʔˈgen/ will learn

Mood

Indicative	Suffix -ar tokʻkaar /tokʔˈkaar/
Conditional	Suffix -ig tokʻkaig /tokʔˈkaig/
Subjunctive	Suffix -em tokʻkaem /tokʔˈkaem/
Imperative	Suffix -um tokʻkaum /tokʔˈkaum/

Numbers

  Ozaʻmak has a base-10 number system:
1 - tekʻorkel
2 - kothʻeg
3 - zek
4 - oran
5 - gazʻoth
6 - zok
7 - karʻgo
8 - tathʻthitath
9 - lerʻzima
10 - kig
11 - tekʻorkel oma kig “one and ten”
100 - othu “hundred”
101 - othu oma tekʻorkel “hundred and one”
200 - kothʻeg othu
1000 - tezʻgulok “thousand”
 

Derivational morphology

  Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -s
Else: Suffix -u
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -a
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = Suffix -ak
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -g
Else: Suffix -i
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -er
Noun to verb = Suffix -er
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Prefix ra-
Tending to = Prefix do-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -d
Else: Suffix -u
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = Prefix si-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -k
Else: Suffix -i
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð
Else: Suffix -i
Diminutive = Suffix -ar
Augmentative = Suffix -or