Tof'kran

Natively known as: Tɔf'crorn /tɔfˈkɹɔːn/

...and he stood holding his hat and turned his wet face to the wind...
i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths iths

i tear yernig jans tear jurds i sars tear frump prir smaths iths

Pronunciation: /iː tɪə ˈjɛɹnɪg ʤɑnz tɪə ʤʌɹdz iː sæɹs tɪə fɹʌmp pɹɪr smæðz ɪθs/
Tof'kran word order: and he stood holding hat his and turned his face wet to the wind

Spelling & Phonology

Consonant inventory: /b d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z ð ŋ ɹ ɾ ʃ ʍ ʤ ʧ θ/

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n			ŋ
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate					ʧ ʤ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ			h
Approximant				ɹ		j
Tap				ɾ
Trill				r
Lateral approximant				l

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ w

Vowel inventory: /aɪ aʊ eɪ iː oʊ uː æ ɑ ɑː ɔɪ ɔː ɛ ɛə ɜː ɪ ɪə ʊ ʊə ʌ/
Diphthongs: aɪ, aʊ, eɪ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ɛə, ɪə, ʊə

	Front	Central	Back
High	iː		uː
Near-high	ɪ		ʊ
Low-mid	ɛ	ɜː	ʌ ɔː
Near-low	æ
Low			ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: Custom defined
Stress pattern: No fixed stress
Word initial consonants: b, bl, bɹ, d, dɹ, f, fl, fɹ, g, gl, gɹ, h, j, k, kl, kw, kɹ, l, m, n, p, pl, pɹ, s, sk, skw, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spl, spɹ, st, stɹ, sw, t, th, tw, tɹ, v, w, ð, ɹ, ʃ, ʃɹ, ʍ, ʤ, ʧ, θ, θɹ

Mid-word consonants: b, bd, bj, bl, bm, bn, bs, bskj, bskɹ, bst, bstɹ, bt, bv, bz, bɹ, bɾ, bʤ, d, df, dg, dgɹ, dj, dkw, dl, dm, dn, ds, dv, dw, dɹ, dʃ, f, fj, fl, fspɹ, ft, ftl, ftw, fɹ, g, gj, gl, gm, gn, gz, gɹ, gʤ, h, j, k, kd, kf, kgɹ, kj, kl, km, kn, ks, ksf, ksk, kskj, kskl, kskw, ksm, ksp, kspl, kspɹ, kst, kstɹ, ksw, ksʧ, kt, ktf, ktl, ktɹ, kw, kz, kɹ, kʃ, kʧ, l, lb, ld, ldf, ldh, ldl, ldn, ldɹ, lf, lg, lgɹ, lj, lk, lkj, ll, lm, ln, lp, lpf, lpl, lptj, ls, lsh, lsʍ, lt, ltj, ltɹ, lv, lw, lð, lɹ, lʤ, lʧ, lθ, m, mb, mbl, mbɹ, mf, mfl, mft, mfɹ, mh, mj, ml, mn, mp, mpj, mpl, mpt, mptl, mpɹ, mpʃ, mpʧ, ms, mst, mt, mw, mz, mɹ, mʧ, mθ, n, nb, nbɹ, nd, ndj, ndl, ndm, ndɹ, nf, nfj, nfl, nfɹ, ng, ngɹ, nh, nj, nk, nkl, nkw, nkɹ, nl, nm, nn, npl, ns, nsf, nsj, nskɹ, nsl, nsm, nsp, nst, nstɹ, nt, ntl, ntm, ntɹ, nv, nw, nz, nzl, nzp, nɹ, nʃ, nʤ, nʤm, nʧ, nθj, p, pj, pl, pm, pt, pw, pɹ, pʃ, pʧ, s, sd, sf, sg, sgɹ, sj, sk, skj, skl, skɹ, sl, sm, sn, sp, spj, spl, st, stj, stl, stm, stw, stɹ, sw, sʧ, t, tb, tf, tj, tl, tm, tn, ts, tsm, tw, tɹ, v, vj, vl, vm, vn, vɹ, w, z, zb, zd, zj, zl, zm, ð, ðdɹ, ðst, ŋ, ŋg, ŋgj, ŋgl, ŋgw, ŋgɹ, ŋk, ŋkt, ŋkw, ŋkʃ, ŋkʧ, ŋl, ɹ, ɹb, ɹd, ɹf, ɹg, ɹk, ɹl, ɹm, ɹml, ɹn, ɹpl, ɹs, ɹsm, ɹt, ɹtl, ɹv, ɹʃ, ɹʤ, ɹʧ, ɹθw, ɾ, ʃ, ʃm, ʃn, ʤ, ʤm, ʤt, ʧ, ʧl, ʧm, θ, θf, θl, θɹ

Word final consonants: b, bd, bl, bz, d, dst, dz, f, fs, ft, g, gd, gz, k, ks, kst, kt, kts, l, ld, ldz, lf, lk, lm, ls, lt, lts, lv, lvd, lvz, lz, lθ, m, md, mp, mps, mpt, mz, n, nd, ndz, ns, nst, nt, nts, nz, nʤ, nʤd, nʧ, nθ, p, ps, pt, r, rm, s, sk, sp, spt, st, sts, t, ts, v, vd, vz, z, zd, ð, ðz, ŋ, ŋd, ŋk, ŋks, ŋkt, ŋz, ɹ, ɹd, ɹdz, ɹk, ɹks, ɹkt, ɹm, ɹmd, ɹmz, ɹn, ɹnd, ɹs, ɹst, ɹt, ɹts, ɹz, ɹʃ, ɹʧt, ɹθ, ʃ, ʃt, ʤ, ʤd, ʧ, ʧt, θ, θs

Phonological changes (in order of application):

• l → ɾ / V_V
• θ → h / _ɪ

Grammar

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). "Mary opened the door with a key" turns into Mary opened the door with a key. Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned after the noun. Adposition: prepositions

Nouns

Singular	No affix peth /pɛð/ dog
Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʤd Else: Suffix -ɛʤd pethedged /pɛˈðɛʤd/ dogs

Articles

Tof'kran has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.

Pronouns

1st singular	sly /sliː/ I, me, mine
2nd singular	kem /kɛm/ you, yours
3rd singular masc	tear /tɪə/ he, him, his, it, its
3rd singular fem	strurn /stɹɜːn/ she, her, hers, it, its
1st plural	shor /ʃɔː/ we, us, ours
2nd plural	ky /kiː/ you all, yours (pl)
3rd plural	proiled /pɹɔɪld/ they, them, theirs

Possessive determiners

1st singular	sly /sliː/ my
2nd singular	kem /kɛm/ your
3rd singular masc	tear /tɪə/ his
3rd singular fem	strurn /stɹɜːn/ her
1st plural	shor /ʃɔː/ our
2nd plural	ky /kiː/ your (pl)
3rd plural	proiled /pɹɔɪld/ their

Verbs

Plural/Singular	Present	Past
1st Singular	Suffix -iː groozdy /gɹʊzˈdiː/ (I) learn	Prefix ɜː- urgroozed /ˈɜːgɹʊzd/ (I) learned
2nd Singular	Prefix aʊ- ougroozed /ˈaʊgɹʊzd/ (you) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -fs Else: Suffix -ɔɪfs groozdoifs /gɹʊzˈdɔɪfs/ (you) learned
3rd Singular	If ends with vowel: Suffix -gd Else: Suffix -ægd groozdaged /gɹʊzˈdægd/ (he/she/it) learns	Suffix -aʊ groozdou /ˈgɹʊzdaʊ/ (he/she/it) learned
1st Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɹk Else: Suffix -ʊɹk groozdoork /ˈgɹʊzdʊɹk/ (we) learn	If ends with vowel: Suffix -m Else: Suffix -ɪm groozdim /ˈgɹʊzdɪm/ (we) learned
2nd Plural	Prefix ɪ- igroozed /ˈɪgɹʊzd/ (you all) learn	If starts with vowel: Prefix θɹ- Else: Prefix θɹeɪ- threigroozed /ˈθɹeɪgɹʊzd/ (you all) learned
3rd Plural	If ends with vowel: Suffix -lk Else: Suffix -aɪlk groozdailk /ˈgɹʊzdaɪlk/ (they) learn	Suffix -ɑ groozda /ˈgɹʊzdɑ/ (they) learned

Tof'kran uses a standalone particle word for future tense:

Future

Particle before the verb: spiː - spy groozed /spiː gɹʊzd/ will learn

Numbers

Tof'kran has a base-10 number system:

• 1 - bras
• 2 - stei
• 3 - draks
• 4 - glesh
• 5 - vy
• 6 - saisped
• 7 - esp
• 8 - draled
• 9 - fad
• 10 - veths
• 11 - vethsbras “ten-one”
• 100 - bras surks “one hundred”
• 101 - bras surks bras “one hundred one”
• 200 - stei surks
• 1000 - bras crimped “one thousand”

Derivational morphology

Adjective → adverb Prefix kɛ-
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) If starts with vowel: Prefix sn- Else: Prefix snoʊ-
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) If starts with vowel: Prefix w- Else: Prefix wɜː-
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) Prefix glɛ-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) Prefix faɪ-
Noun to verb If starts with vowel: Prefix fɹ- Else: Prefix fɹaɪ-
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) Prefix ɜː-
Tending to If starts with vowel: Prefix m- Else: Prefix mɛə-
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) If starts with vowel: Prefix bl- Else: Prefix blɛə-
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) If starts with vowel: Prefix skɹ- Else: Prefix skɹuː-
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) Prefix ɜː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) If starts with vowel: Prefix j- Else: Prefix jiː-
Diminutive If starts with vowel: Prefix th- Else: Prefix thaɪ-
Augmentative If starts with vowel: Prefix tw- Else: Prefix twʌ-